1) Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers.
Answer: B
2) Bundle of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium.
Answer: D
3) Connective tissue covering the exterior of a muscle organ.
Answer: A
4) Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles.
Answer: E
5) Individual muscle fiber.
Answer: C
6) I band.
Answer: C
7) H zone.
Answer: B
8) A band.
Answer: D
9) Z disc.
Answer: A
10) M line.
Answer: E
11) Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms.
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
12) Have very fast- acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic
metabolism during contraction.
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
13) Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types.
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
14) Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
15) Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture.
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
16) A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners.
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatiguable
A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue- resistant fibers
17) The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited,
because all motor units are firing in the muscle.
A) Maximal stimulus
B) Muscle tone
C) Tetanus
D) Wave summation
E) Multiple motor unit summation
A) Maximal stimulus
18) Determined by alternating motor units of a muscle organ even when
the muscle is at rest.
A) Maximal stimulus
B) Muscle tone
C) Tetanus
D) Wave summation
E) Multiple motor unit summation
B) Muscle tone
19) Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation.
A) Maximal stimulus
B) Muscle tone
C) Tetanus
D) Wave summation
E) Multiple motor unit summation
C) Tetanus
20) The situation in which contractions become stronger due to
stimulation before complete relaxation occurs.
A) Maximal stimulus
B) Muscle tone
C) Tetanus
D) Wave summation
E) Multiple motor unit summation
D) Wave summation
21) How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced.
A) Maximal stimulus
B) Muscle tone
C) Tetanus
D) Wave summation
E) Multiple motor unit summation
E) Multiple motor unit summation
22) A sarcomere is the distance between two ________.
A) A band
B) I band
C) Myosin
D) Z discs
D) Z discs
23) The ________ contains only the actin filaments.
A) A band
B) I band
C) Myosin
D) Z discs
B) I band
24) The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments.
A) A band
B) I band
C) Myosin
D) Z discs
C) Myosin
25) Both actin and myosin are found in the________.
A) A band
B) I band
C) Myosin
D) Z discs
A) A band
26) The myosin filaments are located in the ________.
A) A band
B) I band
C) Myosin
D) Z discs
A) A band
27) Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction
by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules.
A) Sodium ions
B) Calcium ions
C) Acetylcholine
D) Creatine phosphate
E) Acetylcholinesterase
B) Calcium ions
28) A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals.
A) Sodium ions
B) Calcium ions
C) Acetylcholine
D) Creatine phosphate
E) Acetylcholinesterase
C) Acetylcholine
29) Diffusion across the cell membrane results in depolarization.
A) Sodium ions
B) Calcium ions
C) Acetylcholine
D) Creatine phosphate
E) Acetylcholinesterase
A) Sodium ions
30) Activate synaptic vesicles in axon terminals.
A) Sodium ions
B) Calcium ions
C) Acetylcholine
D) Creatine phosphate
E) Acetylcholinesterase
B) Calcium ions
31) Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high- energy
phosphate group. A reserve high- energy compound.
A) Sodium ions
B) Calcium ions
C) Acetylcholine
D) Creatine phosphate
E) Acetylcholinesterase
D) Creatine phosphate
32) Destroys ACh.
A) Sodium ions
B) Calcium ions
C) Acetylcholine
D) Creatine phosphate
E) Acetylcholinesterase
E) Acetylcholinesterase
Match the sport to the energy system primarily used to perform the activity:
33) Marathons
A) Anaerobic pathway
B) Direct phosphorylation
C) Aerobic pathway
C) Aerobic pathway
Match the sport to the energy system primarily used to perform the activity:
34) 25 meter swim
A) Anaerobic pathway
B) Direct phosphorylation
C) Aerobic pathway
A) Anaerobic pathway
Match the sport to the energy system primarily used to perform the activity:
35) Weight lifting
A) Anaerobic pathway
B) Direct phosphorylation
C) Aerobic pathway
B) Direct phosphorylation
36) Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
True
False
FALSE
37) The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin
that bears active sites for myosin attachment.
True
False
TRUE
38) The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor
unit summation or recruitment.
True
False
TRUE
39) Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions.
True
False
TRUE
40) A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are
referred to as a motor end plate.
True
False
FALSE
41) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle
True
False
TRUE
42) A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its
tension increases is called isometric contraction.
True
False
TRUE
43) Muscle cells store more creatine phosphate than ATP resulting in
the muscle having a reserve source of energy.
True
False
TRUE
44) During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement.
True
False
FALSE
45) One of the functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production
of heat.
True
False
TRUE
46) An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the
sliding of the thin filaments. When the level of calcium ions
declines, sliding stops.
True
False
TRUE
47) Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts
regardless of how they are attached.
True
False
FALSE
48) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses
thick and thin filaments.
True
False
TRUE
49) Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the
muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units.
True
False
TRUE
50) Cells of unitary smooth muscle are found in the longitudinal and
circular muscle layers of the intestine.
True
False
TRUE
51) A resting potential is caused by a difference in the
concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.
True
False
TRUE
52) The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is
to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.
True
False
TRUE
53) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the
H zones disappear, and the A bands do not diminish in length.
True
False
TRUE
54) Cardiac muscle has a limited regenerative capacity.
True
False
TRUE
55) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Ca2+ levels drop but may
not cease contractions.
True
False
TRUE
56) What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? 56)
A) Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads.
B) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the
actin binding sites on the myosin molecules.
C) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the
myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
D) Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.
C) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the
myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
57) Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?
A) no muscle can regenerate
B) cardiac
C) smooth
D) skeletal
C) smooth
58) Most skeletal muscles contain ________.
A) a mixture of fiber types
B) muscle fibers of the same type
C) a predominance of fast oxidative fibers
D) a predominance of slow oxidative fibers
A) a mixture of fiber types
59) Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________.
A) slow exercise of long duration
B) intense exercise of long duration
C) intense exercise of short duration
D) slow exercise of short duration
C) intense exercise of short duration
60) The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________.
A) increasing stimulus above the threshold
B) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus
C) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers
D) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus
D) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus
61) Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle
stimulation when contractile strength increases?
A) many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other
motor units
B) motor units with the longest muscle fibers
C) motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
D) large motor units with small, highly excitable neurons
C) motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
62) Excitation- contraction coupling requires which of the following substances?
A) ATP and glucose
B) ATP only
C) Ca2+ only
D) Ca2+ and ATP
D) Ca2+ and ATP
63) Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and
duration of muscle contraction?
A) muscle length
B) number of muscle fibers stimulated
C) load on the fiber
D) size of the muscle fibers stimulated
C) load on the fiber
64) Myoglobin ________.
A) produces the end plate potential
B) breaks down glycogen
C) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP
D) stores oxygen in muscle cells
D) stores oxygen in muscle cells
65) What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
A) mitochondria
B) myofibrillar network
C) intermediate filament network
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum
66) What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption represent?
A) the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion
B) the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally
aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used
C) the amount of oxygen equal to the oxygen already used
D) amount of oxygen needed for aerobic activity to accomplish the
same amount of work
B) the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally
aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used
67) Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal
muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during
which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across
the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors.
A) refractory
B) contraction
C) latent
D) relaxation
C) latent
68) Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.
A) forming a chemical compound with actin
B) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
C) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
D) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
B) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
69) What is the primary function of wave summation?
A) increase muscle tension
B) prevent muscle relaxation
C) produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction
D) prevent muscle fatigue
C) produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction
70) The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle
contraction is to ________.
A) regulate intracellular calcium concentration
B) synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments
C) provide a source of myosin for the contraction process
D) make and store phosphocreatine
A) regulate intracellular calcium concentration
71) What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?
A) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
B) the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) the T tubules
D) the arrangement of myofilaments
D) the arrangement of myofilaments
72) During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which
active sites?
A) thick filaments
B) myosin filaments
C) Z discs
D) actin filaments
D) actin filaments
73) Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
A) perimysium
B) fascicle
C) endomysium
D) epimysium
C) endomysium
74) Rigor mortis occurs because ________.
A) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
B) sodium ions leak into the muscle causing continued contractions
C) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of
calcium ions
D) the cells are dead
A) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
75) Which of the choices below does not describe how excess
postexercise oxygen consumption (oxygen deficit) restores metabolic conditions?
A) increases the level of lactic acid in the muscle
B) resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP in muscle fibers
C) converts lactic acid back into glycogen stores in the liver
D) replaces the oxygen removed from myoglobin Answer: A
A) increases the level of lactic acid in the muscle
76) The term aponeurosis refers to ________.
A) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
B) the bands of myofibrils
C) the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) the tropomyosin-troponin complex
A) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
77) The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.
A) myoglobin
B) hemoglobin
C) immunoglobin
D) ATP
A) myoglobin
78) The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.
A) mitochondria
B) T tubules
C) myofibrils
D) microtubules
C) myofibrils
79) What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?
A) a sarcomere
B) a myofibril
C) the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) a myofilament
A) a sarcomere
80) What is the functional role of the T tubules?
A) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle
B) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction
C) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
D) stabilize the G and F actin
C) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
81) What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
A) increase levels of myoglobin
B) reestablish glycogen stores
C) bind to regulatory sites on troponin to remove contraction inhibition
D) form hydroxyapatite crystals
C) bind to regulatory sites on troponin to remove contraction inhibition
82) Which of the following is not a component of the standard
treatment for muscle strain?
A) elevation of the limb
B) stretching of the muscle
C) rest of the muscle
D) ice on the muscle
B) stretching of the muscle
83) Which of the following is not a connective tissue sheath that
wraps individual muscle fibers?
A) aponeurosis
B) perimysium
C) epimysium
D) endomysium
A) aponeurosis
84) During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen
available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a
result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
A) hydrochloric acid
B) stearic acid
C) lactic acid
D) a strong base
C) lactic acid
85) When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is
in which of the following periods?
A) latent period
B) relaxation period
C) refractory period
D) fatigue period
C) refractory period
86) In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.
A) changes in length and moves the "load"
B) never converts pyruvate to lactate
C) does not change in length but increases tension
D) rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP
A) changes in length and moves the "load
87) The muscle cell membrane is called the ________.
A) sarcolemma
B) epimysium
C) perimysium
D) endomysium
A) sarcolemma
88) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for
muscle contractions?
A) motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle
cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven
power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
B) neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor
neuron action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, sliding of
myofilaments, ATP-driven power stroke
C) neurotransmitter release, motor neuron action potential, muscle
cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven
power stroke
D) muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release,
ATP-driven power stroke, calcium ion release from SR, sliding of myofilaments
A) motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle
cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven
power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
89) The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from
skeletal muscle in that ________.
A) ATP energizes the sliding process
B) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium
C) the site of calcium regulation differs
D) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism
C) the site of calcium regulation differs
90) Which of the following describes the cells of unitary smooth muscle?
A) They depend upon recruitment using the autonomic nervous system.
B) They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.
C) They are used for vision and hair raising.
D) They consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent
of each other.
B) They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.
91) Which of the following is not a role of ionic calcium in muscle contraction?
A) removes contraction inhibitor
B) triggers neurotransmitter secretion
C) activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland
D) binds with troponin
C) activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland
92) Which of the following is true about smooth muscle? 92)
A) Smooth muscle has well- developed T tubules at the site of invagination.
B) Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle.
C) Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize
or secrete any connective
tissue elements.
D) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase
their numbers.
D) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
93) Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.
A) it appears to lack troponin
B) there are no sarcomeres
C) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
D) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to
dense bodies within the cell
C) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
94) Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
A) extensibility
B) secretion
C) contractility
D) excitability
B) secretion
95) The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the
________ assisting in muscle stretching.
A) Z disc
B) I band
C) A band
D) M line
C) A band
96) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.
B) Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.
C) Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.
D) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
D) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
97) An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of
two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
A) hydrolysis
B) the electron transport chain
C) glycolysis
D) the citric acid cycle
C) glycolysis
98) Muscle tone is ________.
A) the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
B) the condition of athletes after intensive training
C) a state of sustained partial contraction
D) the feeling of well-being following exercise
C) a state of sustained partial contraction
99) The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.
A) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past
B) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments
C) actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other
D) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
D) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
100) After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the
synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
A) the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules
B) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
C) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
D) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae
C) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
101) Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A) The I band lengthens during isotonic contraction.
B) T tubules may be sliding during isotonic contraction.
C) Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
D) Myofilaments slide during isometric contractions.
C) Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction
102) What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?
A) the design of the fibers
B) the ability to respond to nervous stimulation
C) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy
D) the diversity of activity of muscle tissue
C) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy
103) Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the
basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following
athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers?
A) playing baseball or basketball
B) a long, relaxing swim
C) a sprint by an Olympic runner
D) gym climbing
B) a long, relaxing swim
104) Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no
sarcomeres, and rare gap junctions?
A) skeletal muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) visceral smooth muscle
D) multiunit smooth muscle
D) multiunit smooth muscle
105) Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where
thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, ________.
A) ATP consumption would increase because the sarcomere is
"trying" to contract
B) no muscle tension could be generated
C) maximum force production would result because the muscle has a
maximum range of travel
D) cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free
binding sites on actin
B) no muscle tension could be generated
106) What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?
A) part adjacent to another muscle cell
B) end of the muscle fiber
C) any part of the sarcolemma
D) motor end plate
D) motor end plate
107) Which of the following statements is false or incorrect? 107)
A) Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular
respiration to generate ATP.
B) Cardiac muscle contracts when stimulated by its own autorhythmic
muscle cells.
C) Under normal resting conditions, cardiac muscle tissue contracts
and relaxes about 75 times
per minute.
D) Cardiac muscle fibers can use lactic acid to make ATP.
A) Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular
respiration to generate ATP.