Responsiveness
(also called irratabilty) Resposivness is when an organism changes in
response to its enviornment. Longer term change is called adaptation
Growth
An increase in number of cells, complexity or all three
Differentiation
The process of developing a variety of cells
Reprodcuction
The creation of new generations of similar organisms
Metabolisim
The sum total of all the chemical reactions in the organism
Anatomy
The structure of things or how things are built
Movement
The ability to transport things within the internal eviornment. It is
also the ability to transport the organsim through the external enviornment
Gross Anatomy
Studies visible structures
Surface Anatomy
A type of gross anatomy. Study of general form and superficial markings.
Reigional anatomy
A typr of gross anatomy. Study of all superfcial and internal
features of a specific reigion of the body.
Systemic anatomy
An type of gross anatomy. Study of the structure of major organ systems.
Microscopic anatomy
Studies things that cannot be seen without magnification
Cytology
Part of microscopic anatomy. Study of internal structure of
individual cells.
Histology
Part of microscopic anatomy. Study of tissues.
Tissue
Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to
preform specific functions
Physiology
Studies the function of the anatomical structures. It studies how
structures, organs, and systems work seperately and together.
Cell physiology
Studies the funtions of living cells.
Special physiology
Study of the physiology of specific organs.
Systemic physiology
Study of all aspects of the function of specific organ systems.
Pathological Physiology (Pathology)
Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Organ
Two or more tissues working together to preform specific functions.
Homeostasis
The maintenence of a relatively stable internal enviornment. It is
the result of interdependance of organ systems working together
Homeostatic regulation
The adjustements in physiological sysytems that preserve homeostasis.
Negative feedback
Corrects
deviation from normal. Variations from the norm that are
increasing are brought back down. Variations from the norm that are
decreasing are brought back up.
Positive feedback
Reinforces or
exaggerates deviations from normal. Variations from
the norm that are increasing are furthur increased. This is fairly
rare and must have an "off switch.
Anatomcal position
Feet together and hands at side with palms facing forward
Supine
Face up
Prone
Face down
Skull
Cranial
Face
Facial
Head
Cephalic
Mouth
Oral
Chin
Mental
Armpit
Axilary
Arm
Brachial
Front of elbow
Antecubital
Forearm
Antebrachial
Wrist
Carpal
Palm
Palmar
Thumb
Pollex
Fingers
Digital or phalangeal
Kneecap
Patellar
Leg
Crural
Ankle
Tarsal
Great toe
Hallux
Digits
Phalanges
Toes
Digital or Phalangeal
Foot
Pedal
Thigh
Femoral
Pubis
Pubic
Groin
Inguinal
Hand
Manual
Pelvis
Pelvic
Naval
Umbilical
Abdomen
Abdominal
Breast
Mammary
Thorax or chest
Thoracic
Neck
Cervical
Cheek
Buccal
Ear
Otic
Eye
Orbital or ocular
Nose
Nasal
Shoulder
Acromial
Back
Dorsal
Back of elbow
Olecranal
Loin (lower back)
Lumbar
Buttock
Glueteal
Back of knee
Popliteal
Calf
Sural
Heel of foot
Calcaneal
Sole of foot
Plantar
Head (back)
Cephalic
Anterior
The front; before
Venteral
The belly side (Equivalent to Anterior when referring to the human body)
Posterior
The back; behind
Dorsal
Tha back (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body)
Superior
Above; at a higer level
inferior
below; at a lower level
Medial
Close to the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
Distal
away from the trunk
Superficial
Close to the bodies surface
Deep
Away from the bodies surface
Transverse plane
Divides the body into an upper half and a lower half
Sagital plane
Divides the body into left and right portions
Frontal plane
Divides the body into a front and back plane
Matter
Anything that has mass or takes up space. It is coposed of elements.
Atom
The smallest stabe unit of matter
Electron shells
The number of electrons in an atoms outer shell determines the
chemical properties of that element. Shells have a finite number of
possible elements.
Molecules
Contain more than one atom bonded togethern by shared electrons
Compunds
Are made up of two or more elements bonded together by any one of the
kinds of chemical bonds
Single covalent bond
Sharing one pir of electrons
Double covalent bond
Sharing two pairs of electrons
Caudal
The tail (Coccyx in humans)
Example: The hips are caudal to the waist
Protons
have mass and a positive electrical charge. Found in the atoms nucleus.
Neutrons
Have mass and are electrically neutral. Found in the atoms nucleus.
Electrons
Have very little mass and have a negative electrical charge. They can
be found orbiting around the nucleus at a high speed in an electron
cloud or shell
Covalent bonds
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Polar covalent bonds
One element holds a share electron more strongly than the other or
sharing is unequal. They form plar molecules.
Polar molecules
will have a slight negative on one end of the molecule and a slight
positive on the other end
Unstable atoms
react with eachother by gaining, sharing or losing electrons in
chemical bonds
An atom that gains more electrons than it has protons...
....will be negatively charged and an anion
An atom that loses more electrons than it has protons...
...will be positively charged and a cation.
Organ system
two or more organs working together to preform specific functions
organism
Multiple organ systems working together to maintain heath.
The number of electrons in an atoms uter shell...
...determines the chemical properties of that element.
Reactants
are rearranged to form products
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Energy
The capacity to do work
potential energy
stored energy
Kinetic energy
Energy in motion
Decomposition rates
break a molecule into smaller parts
AB--->A+B
Synthesis reaction
Make larger molecules from smaller parts
A+B--->AB
Exchange reactions
A shuffling of parts or molecules
AB+CD---->AD+CB
A decomposition reaction followed by a synthesis reaction.
Reversable reactions
At chemical reaction equilibrium the rates of the two reactions are
in balance.
Enzymes
-Aid in chemical reactions
-lower the activatione energy
-acts as a ctalyst to speed the rate of reactions but are not
changed by reactions
Activation energy
the amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Nutrients
Essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet
Metabolites
Chemicals that come from catabolism and anabolism in our bodies
Inorganic compunds
Small, usually without carbon or hydrogen
Organic compounds
Generally large and complex, made of carbon and hydrogen.
Solutions
a mixture of fluid solvants and dissolved solutes
Dissociation or ionization
occures when ionic compounds break apart into their changed ions in water
example: salt and water
Carbohydrates
organic compunds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen