Why was the initial reaction to Copernicus work relatively mild?
Several pamphlets had circulated years before his book was published, so his theories were not a shock to the academic community.
In his introduction, Copernicus....
Refers to many others, including ancient astronomers and contemporaries who supported his work.
The book which Copernicus published to reveal his theories was called:
On the Revolutions.
Rheticus....
was the young protege of Copernicus who helped him prepare his book for publication.
Copernicus' book was
Extremely complicated mathematically, and difficult for all but the most talented mathematicians (astronomers).
Copernicus was convinced that
he sun was at (or near) the center of the universe.
It can be argued that even though Copernicus started a scientific revolution, he did not intend to be a revolutionary. What was the support of the argument?
As a dedicated humanist, Copernicus was always looking for answers in ancient texts.
Copernicus used the work of Ptolemy as a guide, even using the same structure as Ptolemy's book the Almagest.
Kepler claimed that Copernicus simply interpreted Ptolemy, n
Osiander's unauthorized preface to Copernicus book was meant to
Soften the blow of the controversial material in the book.
Copernicus great book was not.... CH. 1
It was officially published while Copernicus was still a relatively young man, and he continued to revise it his entire life.
It was never published all we have are manuscripts that Copernicus left.
Rheticus found Copernicus work and published it several
What are the arguments against Copernicus' theory?
Common sense we do not feel the earth moving beneath our feet.
If the earth moved, we should observe stellar parallax.
If the earth moved, Venus should exhibit phases.
Observation we see the sun move!
What did Galileo's discovery of the moons of Jupiter prove?
The earth is not the only center of revolution in the universe.
What is true about Galileo and the telescope?
Galileo improved upon the first telescopes and built his own.
The book in which Galileo published his observations with the telescope was called
The Starry Messenger
The Medicis....
The wealthy family in which Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after
When the book of nature (science) and the book of God (scripture) seem to contradict each other, Galileo argued
the interpretation of scripture should be reevaluated.
Galileo's discoveries convinced him (and many others) that
Copernicus' heliocentric theory was correct.
During his long house arrest, Galileo worked primarily on
Physics
What is true of Galileo s famous experiments with free-falling bodies?
His conclusion came from experiments with pendulums and inclined planes.
His conclusions contradicted the traditional Aristotelian physics.
Some of his conclusion came from thought experiments.
Galileo observed.....
The features of the moon.
The individual stars of the Milky Way
sunspots.
Galileo was tried for heresy by the Inquisition for
Publishing a book in which he seemed to defend Copernican views.
Where did Kepler get the data he used to discover his three laws of planetary motion?
from Tycho Brahe.
What is true of Kepler's first law of planetary motion?
It came to him in a dream.
He actually rediscovered it while reading translations of Greek texts.
He found it while comparing the orbits of Venus and Saturn.
Kepler is best remembered for his discovery that planets
Revolved in ellipses.
What force did Kepler postulate kept the planets in their orbits around the sun?
magnetic force
The Tychonian cosmological model of the universe was
geo-heliocentric
Tycho's fame rested on what two observations?
A new star (actually a supernova) and a comet.
The comet of 1577 proved
the planets do not revolve on crystalline spheres.
Kepler published a book that claimed
The planets orbits represented a musical harmony he called music of the spheres.
In his "Secret of the Universe," Kepler claimed that
the orbits of the six known planets fit in the five Platonic solids.
Tycho Brahe....
He used much of his own personal wealth to build and furnish a great observatory.
Vesalius revolutionized the study of medicine by
insisting that his students study human anatomy through hands-on dissections.
William Harvey maintained that blood
Circulated in the human body with the heart serving as a pump.
William Gilbert claimed
the earth acted like a large magnet.
Harvey compared the heart to
a mechanical pump.
Harvey also made important contributions to the science of
Embryology
Both William Gilbert and William Harvey were
physicians.
What experiments did Harvey perform?
dissections
experiments with tourniquets.
manipulating valves in the veins in the arm.
Francis Bacon was one of the earliest proponents of
Empirical, or experimental, science
Myths associated with magnets
Goat's blood will increase the power of a magnet.
Garlic will counteract the power of a magnet.
Diamonds will counteract the power of a magnet.
William Gilbert is sometime called the father of the experimental method because of his work in
magnetism and electricity
Descartes' view of his own education
He claimed that he had learned nothing from years of reading textbooks and attending lectures.
Robert Boyle is best known for applying mechanical principles to
Chemistry
The belief that nature could best be understood as matter in motion is central to the
Mechanical Philosophy
How did the "corpuscle" theory explain the properties of acids?
an acid corpuscle was sharp and pointed, like a needle.
In his theory of the plenum, Descartes argued that the following could not exist:
vacuum
In his philosophical work, Discourse on Method, Descartes also attached works on
Optics and Geometry
Boyle used what mechanical device in many of his experiments?
The air pump
Borelli's theory that humans were machines and Tyson's dissection discoveries
blurred the special place of man in the universe.
The famous Puy de Dome experiment
proved that barometric pressure decreases with an increase in altitude.
Descartes believed that a vacuum, or void,
was impossible
Buffon used his experiments with heated iron balls to conclude that
The Earth was much older than usually assumed.
Buffon theorized that our solar system was created by
A comet impacting the Sun.
The two most important innovations attributed to Carl Linnaeus were:
Sexual classification of plants AND binomial classification.
How did Linnaeus deal with the place of humans in the natural order of things?
He placed humans alongside other creatures, in the order primates.
In his Epochs of Nature, Buffon divided history into
Seven epochs.
With which of the founding fathers did Buffon engage in a cross-Atlantic dispute over the "vitality" of species in the New and Old worlds?
Jefferson
British naturalist who provided an early definition for the term species:
John Ray
Linnaeus was motivated by
The desire to find a natural system of classification.
Linnaeus saw himself as someone who
Was attempting to fix a broken system.
What was Linnaeus' attitude towards authorities in natural history?
He refused to acknowledge traditional authorities while he acknowledged those who were trying to revamp classification systems.
Newton's work greatly influenced which philosophical movement in the 18th century?
The Enlightenment.
The credit for the discovery of calculus
Is shared by Newton and Leibniz.
Found in Newton's most important book....
Universal law of gravitation.
Three laws of motion.
A theoretical basis for Kepler s laws of motion.
An explanation of the tides.
Newton's other primary book, the Opticks, is an example of his
Experimental methods.
Many of Isaac Newton's most famous discoveries were made while he
Was home on his family farm.
The annus mirabilis was
The years that Newton developed most if his important theories.
An example of Newtonianism (the impact of Newton and his work) mentioned in the book....
the beginnings of aeronautical engineering and flight
The astronomer whose help and encouragement let Newton to publish his groundbreaking book was
Edmond Halley
Newton's work in alchemy and theology
...
The name of Newton's most important scientific book was
The Principia.
A seventeenth century theory of combustion
Phlogiston
Credited with publishing the first periodic table.
Mendeleev
The discovery of oxygen...
Joseph Priestley is often given credit for the discovery of oxygen.
Other chemists actually isolated oxygen before Priestley.
Lavoisier was the first to correctly explain the role of oxygen in the combustion process.
Often referred to as the father of modern chemistry.
Lavoisier
Revived the ancient theory of atomism.
Dalton
An important realization by chemists of the 18th century was that
air and water are not single elements
The medical movement that included the study of astrology, magic, alchemy, and philosophy was called
convergence
Michael Faraday
was a poor commoner whose talent eventually made him a renowned scientist.
The discovery of electromagnetic induction
was questioned by the prime minister: What good is it?
The Voltaic Pile was
the first modern battery
Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity. T/F
False
Benjamin Franklin
invented the lighting rod.
was known for his one-fluid theory of electricity.
assembled an apparatus in his home that used lightning strikes to ring a bell.
The Leyden Jar was
used to store a static electric charge.
The first true battery was invented by
Volta
The scientist who established the true nature of fossils was
Cuvier
Charles Lyell
Wrote Principles of Geology, which encouraged Darwin to think about geological time.
Who suggested that a world so perfectly designed implied that there must be a designer?
Paley
Charles Darwin first began formulating his ideas on natural selection while
completing an around the world voyage as a ship's naturalist.
Thomas Malthus
Wrote Essay on the Principle of Population, which began Darwin thinking about survival of the fittest.
Who shares credit with Charles Darwin as the first man to understand natural selection?
Wallace
In Origin of Species, Darwin claimed
Mechanisms for Evolution
At the beginning of the 18th century, it was generally believed the universe was how old?
6000 years
James Hutton
geologist
Developed a theory of evolution before Charles Darwin
Erasmus Darwin
Lamarck
Francis Galton applied the idea of statistical correlation to
Inherited traits
The letters around which probability theory first arose concerned
gambling
Reasons for the eventual downfall of eugenics
Sterilization laws
Immigration policies
Ethnic cleansing in fascist regimes
Probability theory arose from letters exchanged between
Pascal and Fermat
Philosophical Essay on Probabilities by Laplace included applications of probability theory to
Gambling
Happiness and morality
Decisions of political assemblies
When asked by Napoleon why God was never mentioned in his work, Laplace reportedly replied
I had no need of that hypothesis.
Quetelet invented social statistics with his study of
social science
Fermat s Last Theorem
Was not proven until the 20th century
John Dalton s model of the atom was known as the
Billiard ball model
What example did Einstein use to try to explain the relative nature of time?
A lightning strike observed from a moving train.
The physicist who incorporated quantum theory into the structure of the atom was
Bohr
The results of the gold foil experiment
Were a shock to Rutherford totally unexpected.
Bohr and Einstein
Had serious differences of opinion over the validity of quantum theory.
Niels Bohr
Escaped Nazi-occupied Europe for the United States.
Rutherford s gold foil experiment showed that
The atom is mostly empty space with a small dense nucleus.
J.J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron, called his model of the atom the
Plum pudding model.
Factors in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan...
the morality of killing innocent people
justifying the cost of building such an expensive weapon
expectation that ending the war would save thousands of American lives
forcing Japan to surrender before the USSR could enter the fight against the Japanese
He was the Army engineer in overall command of the Manhattan Project:
Leslie Grove
He wrote the letter, signed by Einstein, that went to Roosevelt discussing the possibility of an atomic weapon:
Leo Szilard
Which weapon, first unleashed during WWI, might be called the first weapon of mass destruction?
Poisonous gas
Examples of big science in the book
Medical research to cure polio or cancer.
Space programs such as the Apollo Program.
The Human Genome Project
He was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project:
Robert Oppenheimer
He wrote a letter to Winston Churchill outlining his evaluation of the atomic bomb and suggesting how this new weapon should be controlled internationally.
Einstein
Developed during WWII to aid military objectives....
The electronic computer
Radar
Jet aircraft
Pasteur first invented the process which is now known as pasteurization while working with
Beer
Rosalind Franklin
female scientist whose work played a curcial role in the discovery of the structure of DNA molecule
Robert Koch isolated the microorganism that caused
Anthrax
Among the first microscopists were
Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.
Joseph Lister
Introduced antiseptic techniques to surgery.
Gregor Mendel....
He experimented with pea plants to discover the laws of heredity.
Most of his work was done while he was a monk and teacher at a monastery.
Later in life, he also studied the genetics of bees.
Pasteur s work on vaccines for which disease laid the groundwork for future understanding of disease and disease prevention?
Rabies
Watson and Crick.....
They met at Cambridge before either one of them had become interested in DNA.
During the Middle Ages, as Europe languished through a period of relative intellectual stagnation, which culture flourished?
Islamic
The Almagest
an influential book on astronomy written by Ptolemy.
The science of ancient Greece
meshed well with the doctrine of the Catholic Church and therefore became central to European thought.
An epicycle is
a circle on a circle used to explain some apparent motions in the heavens.
Ptolemy's cosmological model was
geocentric
The man who had the most influence on science in the ancient world was
Aristotle
Books contributing to the Renaissance
Invention of the printing press.
Translations of Greek philosophical works.
The establishment of the first universities in Europe.
The word "scientist" was not coined until the 19th century. What were people who studied what we today call science called before that?
...
The first book on algebra was published by
a 9th century Persian named al-Khwarizmi.
Two of the earliest cultures to pursue what we might call science today were:
the Babylonians and the Egyptians.