positive transfer
when learning in one situation aids learning in another
negative transfer
when learning in one situation hinders learning in another
vertical transfer
building up off basic info
lateral transfer
helpful but not essential
example of positive transfer
reading helps spelling
example of negative transfer
automatic car vs. stick shift
example of vertical transfer
addition before multiplication
example of lateral transfer
knowing French helps Spanish learning
near transfer
easier when you are very skilled at something
far transfer
taking what you know from one situation and applying it to real life problem
example of near transfer
kasia's step father being so talented in music that he can know every pitch with a note
example of far transfer
studying art will help with figural creativity and not verbal creativity
specific transfer
original learning task and the transfer task overlap in some ways
example of specific transfer
human anatomy should help with learning dog anatomy
general transfer
original task and transfer task are different in both content
example of general transfer
Latin helps students with physics
well defined
desired end results are clearly stated
ill defined
desired end goal is unclear
example of ill defined
toothpick activity in class
algorithms
a set of steps to follow when solving a problem
heuristics
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
example of algorithm
(x+6)=10
example of heuristic
finding the quickest way home depending on the time of day you are going home
goal
what you are trying to do
given
the situation you are given
operations
the choices you make in order to solve a problem
example of analogical thinking
- source and target (analogies)
-surface vs. structural similarities
-mathematical knowledge (flowers and vases)
problem solving theories
-trial and error
-response hierarchy
-Insight
-Reconstructing
Steps in Problem Solving
-preparation
-incubation
-inspiration
-verification
cognitive factors in problem solving
-WM capacity (only holds so much)
-encoding the problem (cant retrieve if you don't encode)
-retrieval from LTM (being anxious doesn't help)
-knowledge base (better expert than novice)
-metacognition(believe you are capable, realize problem, plan a course
problem solving strategies
-hill climbing
-working backwards
-analogies (Velcro)
-visual imagery
-means end analysis (breaking into 2 problems)