strong acid
an acid that ionizes completely in a solvent
weak acid
an acid that releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
strong base
a base that ionizes completely in a solvent
weak base
a base that releases few hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
Br�nsted-Lowry acid
a substance that donates a proton to another substance
Br�nsted-Lowry base
a substance that accepts a proton
conjugate acid
an acid that forms when a base gains a proton
conjugate base
a base that forms when an acid loses a proton
amphoteric
describes a substance, such as water, that has the properties of an acid and the properties of a base
the self-ionization constant of water, Kw
the product of the concentrations of the two ions that are in equilibrium with water: [ H3O+], [OH-]
neutral
describes an aqueous solution that contains equal concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions
pH
a value used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution; it is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the concentration of hydronium ions; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic
indicator
a compound that can reversibly change color depending on the pH of the solution or other chemical change
neutralization reaction
the reaction of the ions that characterize acids (hydronium ions) and the ions that characterize bases (hydroxide ions) to form water molecules and a salt
equivalence point
the point at which the two solutions used in a titration are present in chemically equivalent amounts
titration
a method to determine the concentration of a substance in solution by adding a solution of known volume and concentration until the reaction is completed
titrant
a solution of known concentration that is used to titrate a solution of unknown concentration
standard solution
a solution of known concentration
transition range
the pH range through which an indicator changes color
end point
the point in a titration at which a marked color change takes place
acid-ionization constant, Ka
the equilibrium constant for a reaction i which an acid donates a proton to water
buffer solution
a solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it