Chemical bond
A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together is called an
Valence electrons
the electrons involved in the formation of a chemical bond are called
High potential energy
As independent particles, most atoms are at a
Low potential energy
atoms naturally move toward
Decrease potential energy creating more stable arrangements of matter
. as atoms bond with each other they..... creating ....
Non-polar covalent
If 2 covalently vonded atoms are indentical, the bond is
Electro negativity
when atoms share electrons, the electrical attraction of an atom for the shared electrons is called the atom's
Polar
.if the atoms that share electrons have an unequal attraction for the electrons, the bond is called
Valence electrons/1 or more pair of electrons
what are shared in a covalent bond
Purely ionic and partly convalent
most chemical bonds are
More strongly than the other
.non-polar covalent bonds are not common because one atom usually attracts electrons
Ionic character in the bond
the greater the electronegitivity difference between two bonded atoms, the greater the percentage of
Molecule
.a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds is
Molecular or chemical formula
show the types and numbers of atoms joined in a single molecule of a molecular compound'
Decreases
when a stable covalent bond forms, the potential energy of the atoms
Potential energy is at a minimum
Bond length is the average distance between two bonded atoms at which
Noble gases
what group of elements satisfies the octet rule without forming compounds
Least electronegative
in drawing a Lewis structure the central atom is generally the atom that has
Number of valence electrons
to draw a lewis structure one must know the
Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
multiple covalent bonds may occur in molecules that contain
Resonance
the effect of a molecule that contains a single bond and a double bond that splits its time existing as one of these two structures known as
Ratio of ions present in a sample of any size
the chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the
6
how many oppositely charged particles are around a compound
Crystal lattice
the ions in most ionic compounds are organized into a
Repel each other
in a crystal, the electrons of adjacent ions
Lattice energy
the energy released when 1 mol of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions is called the
Strength of ionic bond
the lattice energy is a measure of the
Lower potential energy
compared with energies of neutral atoms, a crystal lattice has
Boiling points-high ionic
Hardess-ioinc
ductility- covalent
Melting points-ioinc
Malleability-covalent
Luster-ionic
relative strengths of ionic bonds and covalent bonds and the effect that it has on properties
Metallic bonding
a chemical bond formed by the attraction between positive ions and surrounding mobile electrons is
Smaller
compared with nonmetals, the number of valence electrons in metals is generally
make a surrounding sea and move freely
in metals, valence electrons
sea of electrons
in metallic bonds, the mobile electrons surrounding the positive ions are called
have luster
to appear shiny, a material must be able to
ability to reflect/obsorb light and reemit it
the shiny apperance of a metal is most closely related to the metal's
malleable
if a material can be shapped or extended by physical pressure, such as hammering, which property does the material have?
attracted to sea of electrons rather than another atom
why are metals malleable because the metallic bonding
their chemical bonds
what best explains the observation that metals are malleable and ionic crystals are brittle?
the molecule geometry of a bond or shape of atom
VSEPR theory is a model for predicing
VSEPR theory
concept that electronstatic repulsion between electron pairs surrounding an atom causes these pairs to be separated as far as possible is the foundation of
weaker
compared with molecular bonds, the strength of intermolecular forces is
boiling point- more polar higher freezing point
know the effect of molecule polarity has on properties such as:
B, Be, H, P, S, Xe
exceptions to the octet rule