Matter
anything that takes up space and has mass and volume
Property
is a characteristic or quality used to describe matter
QUALITATIVE Properties
properties that can be observed using the five senses (expessed in words)
QUANTITATIVE Properties
properties that involve a measurement
Physical Properties
properties that do not involve the formation of a new substance
can be qualitative or quantitative
Characteristic Physical Property
are properties that tend to be unique
can be used to identify matter
Chemical Properties
do involve the formation of a new substance
Hardness
a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched
State
solid liquid or gas
Melleability
the ability to be made into different shapes (only SOLIDS)
Ductility
the malleability of something that can be drawing into wires or hammered into thin sheets
Melting and Boiling Points
The temperature at which substances change state.
Solubility
the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution)
Viscosity
the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow
Density
mass per unit volume
Clairity
the ability of light to travel through an object
*ONLY transparent(clear), Translucent (somewhat legible) and opaque (can see through)
Solute
the dissolved substance in a solution
Solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
Homogeneous Mixture
a mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture
Hetrogeneous Mixture
A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture
Electrical conductivity
how well a substance allows electricity to flow through it.
pure substance
Matter that always has exactly the same composition
mechanical mixture
a mixture whose components can be separated by mechanical means
Physical Changes
the particles in a substance DO NOT change
particles rearrange themselves and either spread out or move closer together
CHemical Change
the original substance is changed into a NEW substance that was not there
Volume
base x width x height
one centimetre =
one milliliter
milli --> base unit --> kilo
divide by 1000
milli <-- base unit <-- kilo
multiply by 1000
Density equals
mass
-------
volume
mass equals
volume x density
volume equals
mass
-------
density
Describe how water displacement can be used to find the volume of an irregularly shaped object
water displacement can used to find the volume of an object by using an overflow can that filled to the top and placing the object gently in the can. the excess water will go out the spout and into a graduated cylinder where the cylinder will measure the
Physical properties of metals are
luster, good conductors of heat and electricity, high density, high melting point, ductile and malleable
Chemical Properties of Metals are
easily lose electrons, corrode easily
Physical properties of non metals are
no luster, not malleable, low density, low melting point, poor conductor of heat and electricity, brittle and not ductile
Chemical properties of non metals are
tend to gain electrons
Physical properties of Metalloid's are
solids, shiny OR dull, ductile, malleable and are able to conduct heat and electrons well but not as well as metals
Periodic table of elements
metals are the 88 elements to the left of the staircase line
non metals are to the right of the staircase line
metalloid's are on both sides of the staircase line
Group one
alkali metals: highly reactive,
Group two
alkaline metals: not as reactive as alkali metals
Group seven
halogens: very reactive
Group eight
noble gases: not reactive
Periods are:
the horizontal row on the periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev created what?
the periodic table
he organized the table by grouping elements with similar characteristics
Elements in the same period fill up
the same energy level as move left to right
Vertical Columns are called
groups or families
Valence electrons are
the electrons in the outermost shell of the atom
the ______ ____ have full outer shells which make the inert
noble gases
Hydrogen is
the only orphan because it behaves like no other element
Democritus (400 BCE)
theorized:
atoms are of different sizes, are in constent motion and are separated by empty spaces
Aristotle (450 BCE)
theorized:
all matter is made up of four basic elements: earth, air water and fire
John Dalton (1807)
theorized:
matter is made up of tiny invisible particles, atoms of the same element are identical, atoms of different elements are different, atoms are arranged to form new substances in chemical reactions
J.J Thompson (1897)
theorized:
atoms contain negatively charged electrons
since atoms are neutral the rest of the atom is a positively charged sphere while there are negatively charged atoms distributed throughout the atom
Ernest Rutherford (1909)
theorized:
the center of an atom is positively charged and the center is called the nucleus which contains almost all the atoms mass but occupies a small amount of space, the nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons, most of the at
James Chadwick (1932)
theorized:
an atom must be a empty sphere with a dense central nucleus, the nucleus contains positively charged protons, the mas of a neutron is about the same as a proton, the neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons
Neils Bohr (1913)
theorized:
electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom much like the planets orbit the sun, each electron in an orbit has a definite amount of energy, the further the electron from the nucleus the greater the energy
Atomic Number
the number of protons in the atom
NO TWO ATOMS HAVE THE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER
Mass Number
the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus
Drawing Atoms
1. + and neutrons form the nucleus at the center of the atom
2. electrons are in shells around the nucleus
3. 1st shell hold 2 - 2nd 8 - and 3rd 8 -
Isotopes
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
all have the same amount of protons and electrons
the symbol of an element
represent one atom of that element
if there are more than one atom in the element then
a subscript number is used to indicate how many there are
if there is a subscript outside a bracket...
then you multiply all the elements inside the brackets
a coefficient number (a number that goes before a chemical symbol) is written before the chemical symbol
then it indicates the number of atoms of that element
eg. 3 C = three carbon atoms
a coefficient number (a number that goes before a chemical formula) is written before the chemical formula
indicates the number of molecules of that compound
when counting atoms always
Multiply
Chemical bonding occurs when
atoms try to fill their outer shell to make themselves stable
atoms get a full outer shell by
1.gaining or losing electrons making IONIC bonding
2. will share electrons making COVALENT bonding
Group 1 to 3 elements
lose enough electrons to get to 0 valence electrons
Group 4 elements
gain or lose 4 electrons
group 5 through 8 elements
gain enough electrons to add to 8 valence electrons
Atoms can be
chemically combined to other atoms to form small units called molecules
Molecular Compounds
are molecules consisting of atoms from different elements
(both of these types of bonding occurs between two or more non metals and electrons are shared by the 2 atoms) oftentimes called covalent bonding
Molecular Elements
are molecules consisting of the same element
Ionic Compounds
this type of bonding occurs between metal and non metal made from ions losing or gaining electrons
You test for gases when
you cant tell the difference between the two substance using physical properties or chemical changes
Glowing Splint test - Oxygen
if you suspect a clear colorless gas
light a wooden splint and blow out the flame hold it near the unknown gas and if it bursts into flames its oxygen
The Burling Splint Test - Hydrogen
light a wooden splint and hold it near the unknown gas if you hear a popping sound the gas is Hydrogen
the Limewater Test - Carbon dioxide
bubble the unknown gas through a lime water solution and if the water turns milky the gas is carbon dioxide