H
Hydrogen - 1
He
Helium - 2
Li
Lithium - 3
Be
Beryllium - 4
B
Boron - 5
C
Carbon - 6
N
Nitrogen - 7
O
Oxygen - 8
F
Fluorine - 9
Ne
Neon - 10
Na
Sodium - 11
Mg
Magnesium - 12
Al
Aluminum - 13
Si
Silicon - 14
P
Phosphorous - 15
S
Sulfur - 16
Cl
Chlorine - 17
Ar
Argon - 18
K
Potassium - 19
Ca
Calcium - 20
Ion
an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
F^-^
Fluoride Ion
Cl^-^
Chloride Ion
Br^-^
Bromide Ion
I^-^
Iodide Ion
OH^-^
Hydroxide Ion
CN^-^
Cyanide Ion
NH_4_^+^
Ammonium Ion
HF
Hydrofluoric Acid
HCl
Hydrochloric Acid
HBr
Hydrobromic Acid
HI
Hydroiodic Acid
Mixture
Can be separated into two or more substances
Pure Substance
Cannot be separated by physical means
Element
A substance that cannot be decomposed by any chemical reaction into simpler substances
Compound
Composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined
Homogeneous Mixture
Uniform in its properties, made up of several phases
ex. Coffee & Sugar
Heterogeneous Mixture
Physically distinct parts, each with different properties
ex. sand and water
Chemical v. Physical Change
Chemical - one or more kinds of matter are transformed to a new kind of matter. ex. Rust
Physical - change in the form of matter. ex. Boiling Point
Sig Fig Calculations
-Leading zeros are never counted
-multiplying & dividing - measurement with least # of sig figs
-addition & subtraction - least # of decimal places
SI Prefixes
K (Kilo) - 1 x 10^3
C (Centi) - 1 x 10^-2
m (milli) - 1 x 10^-3
� (micro) - 1 x 10^-6
n (nano) - 1 x 10^-9
Celsius to Kelvin
+273
Find Density
D=M/V
Sc
Scandium - 21
Ti
Titanium - 22
V
Vanadium - 23
Cr
Chromium - 24
Mn
Manganese - 25
Fe
Iron - 26
Co
Cobalt -27
Ni
Nickel -28
Cu
Copper - 29
Zn
Zinc - 30
Ga
Gallium - 31
Ge
Germanium - 32
As
Arsenic - 33
Se
Selenium - 34
Br
Bromine - 35
Kr
Krypton - 36
Rb
Rubidium - 37
Sr
Strontium - 38
ClO_3_^-^
Chlorate Ion
NO_3_^-^
Nitrate Ion
SO_4_^2-^
Sulfate Ion
CO_3_^2-^
Carbonate Ion
PO_4_^3-^
Phosphate Ion
HClO_3_
Chloric Acid
HNO_3_
Nitric Acid
H_2_SO_4_
Sulfuric Acid
H_3_PO_4_
Phosphoric Acid
Cation
Net Positive (+) Charge
Anion
Net Negative (-) Charge
Silver Cation
Ag^+^
Zinc Cation
Zn^2+^
Cadmium Cation
Cd^2+^
Aluminum Cation
Al^3+^
Atomic Theory of Matter
(Dalton's Atomic Theory)
1.) All matter is made up of Atoms
2.) All atoms of a given element hold the same properties
3.) Elements Form Compounds (multiple atoms)
4.) Chemical Reactions are just rearrangement of atoms
Isotopes
two or more forms of the same element that has equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons which causes them to have different atomic masses.
Atomic Number
Above element symbol
Atomic Mass
Below element symbol
How to Write and Interpret symbols for isotopes
P.E.N. Method
Atomic Number - Number of Protons which = electrons (usually)
Mass Number - number of Protons + Neutrons
Chemical Symbol
Charge - depends on electrons
Calculate Atomic Mass
Amu x Percent for each and add together
Periodic Table Groups
(Left to Right):
Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Metals, metalloids, Nonmetals, Halogens, Noble Gases.
Molecules
2 or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces called bonds
Diatomic Molecules
molecules composed only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.
Hydrogen H-H
N_2_, O_2_, F_2_, Cl_2_, Br_2_, & I_2_
Polyatomic Ions
Group of atoms that have a charge
NH_3_, H_2_O
Molecular Formula
An expression which states the number and type of atoms present in a molecule of a substance.
Empirical Formula
shows smallest whole # ratio of atoms present in molecules
Ionic Substances
electrically charged particle, adding or removing atoms
ex. NaCl composed of cations and anions
Molecular Substances
definite groups of atoms, chemically bonded together, tightly connected by attractive forces
composed of like molecules
Monomers
small molecules found in polymers
ex. H_2_O
Polymers
large molecules, made up of smaller particles called monomers
NO_3_^-^
Nitrate Ion
NO_2_^-^
Nitrite Ion
SO_4_^2-^
Sulfate ion
SO_3_^2-^
Sulfite Ion
PO_4_^3-^
Phosphate Ion
PO_3_^3-^
Phosphite Ion
ClO_4_^-^
Perchlorate Ion
ClO_3_^-^
Chlorate Ion
ClO_2_^-^
Chlorite Ion
ClO^-^
Hypochlorite Ion
HClO_4_
Perchloric Acid
HClO_3_
Chloric Acid
HClO_2_
Chlorous Acid
HClO
Hypochlorous Acid
Acids and Ite and Ate
ate - ic
ite- ous
Avogadro's number
6.022 x 10^23^
Mole
it is the quantity of anything that has the same number of particles found in 12 grams of carbon-12. That number of particles is Avogadro's Number, 6.022 x 10^23^.
moles give us a consistent method to convert between atoms/molecules and grams
Molecular Mass
The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecular formula (amu's)
Molar Mass
Weight and how many moles of a given formula unit does a mass of the substance contain
Stoichiometry
the relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, typically a ratio of whole integers.
Roadmap:
grams to moles, moles to moles, moles to grams
Reagent
a substance or mixture for use in chemical analysis or other reactions.
Limiting Reagent
used up first, smaller number
Percent Yield
actual/theoretical x 100
**
Percent Mass Composition
**
...