periodic law
the statement that there is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number
groups
(families) series of vertical columns on the periodic table
periods
horizontal rows on the periodic table - (there are seven); the period number indicates the energy level
representative elements
the main group of elements that possess a wide range of chemical and physical properties (1A through 8A)
transition elements
elements labeled 1B through 8B on the periodic table
metals
elements that are generally shiny when smooth and clean, solid at room temperature, and good conductors of heat and electricity; malleable and ductile
alkali metals
the group 1A elements (except for hydrogen)
alkaline earth metals
the group 2A elements
transition metals
the group B elements
inner transition metals
elements 58-71 and 90-103 located beneath the periodic table
nonmetals
elements that are generally gases or brittle, dull-looking solids; poor conductors of heat and electricity
halogens
group 7A elements
noble gases
group 8A elements - extremely unreactive
metaliods
elements with physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals
ion
an atom or a bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge
ionization energy
the energy required to move an electron from a gaseous atom
octet rule
an atom loses, gains, or shares electrons to aquire a full set of eight valence electrons
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond
John Newlands
arranged elements by increasing atomic mass which led to his discovery of the law of octaves
Dmitri Mendeleev
used some ideas of Newlands to arrange the elements by increasing atomic mass into columns; this led to the creation of the first periodic table
Henry Moseley
arranged elements by increasing atomic number to create a more clear and correct periodic table
atoms in the same group/column
have the similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons
s-block elements
elements in groups 1A and 2A, plus hydrogen and helium; the valence electrons of these elements occupy only "s" orbitals
p-block elements
elements in groups 3A-8A
d-block elements
the transition metals
f-block elements
the inner transition metals
trend of atomic radii on the PT
decreases as you move across and increases as you move down
trend of ionic radii on the PT
the positive ions decrease as you move across and the large negative ions also decrease as you move across; it increases as you move down
trend of ionic radii on the PT
increases as you move across and decreases as you move down
trend of electronegativity on the PT
increases as you move across and decreases as you move down