chemistry

Chemistry is a natural science that deals with the study of

composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter

The branch of chemistry that identifies the composition of material is

analytical chemistry

mass is an example of a(n)...property

extensive

mud is a(n)....mixture

heterogeneous

burning in air is an example of...change

chemical

water boiling at 100 C is an example of a(n)...property

physical

Every pure chemical compound consists of two or more elements...

combined chemically

The two properties that all matter has in common are...

mass and volume

Eliements in the vertical columns together form a(n)...

group

A mixture that has the same proportion of components throughout is called...

homogeneous

The substances that are formed by a chemical change are called the...

products

The element type that is a good conductor of electricity is a(n)...

metal

The state of matter in which a material has a definite volume and a definite shape is the...

solid

Elements are arrnged in the periodic table according to their...

atomic number

The smallest unit of an element that has the properties of that element is a(n)...

atom

When atoms of 2 or more elements are chemically bonded, the substance formed is a(n)...

compound

If testing show an element is a poor conductos of electricity, it is a(n)...

nonmetal

A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties, is a(n)...

mixture

If a material is tested and every sample has exactly the same properites and the same composition, it is a(n)...

pure substance

An element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics is a(n)...

metalloid

What kind of change is melting an ice cube?

physical change

What kind of change is burning a piece of paper?

chemical change

What kind of change is slicing a loaf of bread?

physical change

What kind of change is sharpening a pencil?

physical change

What kind of change is decomposing mercury oxide?

chemical change

What kind of change is dissolving sugar in water?

physicla change

22s

time

3.5 mg

mass

1.59 g/mL

density

16 J

energy

34.5 km

distance

0.75 mL

volume

3.66 m2

area

This must be determined to change from one unit to another...

conversion factor

Something that has magnitude, size, or amount is...

quantity

Most of the volume of an atom is made up of the...

electron cloud

The behavior of cathode rays in a glass tube containing gas at low pressure led scientists to conclude that the rays were composed of...

negative particles

The basic principles of atomic theory that are still recognized today were first convinced by this scientist...

Dalton

Atoms of the same element can differ in...

mass number

Dalton's atomic theory helped to explain the law of conservation of mass because it stated that atoms...

could not be created or destroyed

This scientists experiment determined that approximate value of the electron's mass...

Milliken

This scientist executed an experiment in which a small percentage of the positively charged particles bombarding the metal's surface were deflected back toward the source from the metal...

Rutherford

If a particular compound is composed of elements A and B, the ratio of the mass of B to the mass of A will be the same. This is a statement of the law...

definite proportions

The amount of a substance that contains a number of particles equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon of carbon-12 is referred to as a(n)...

mole

Since any metal cathode-ray tube produced the same charged particles, it was concluded that all atoms contain...

electrons

The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element is a(n)...

atom

Atoms of one element that have different masses are called...

isotopes

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope is called its...

mass number

The short-range attractive forces that hold that nuclear particles together are called...

nuclear forces

The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is called its...

atomic number

Dalton's atomic theory agreed with the modern theory concept EXCEPT for the statement that all atoms of the same element have the same...

mass

proton mass number

1

neutron mass number

1

electron mass number

0

location of electrons in an atom

energy levels around nucleus

name of the mass that is numerically equal to the atomic mass of an element in atomic mass unit (amu)...

molar mass

When electrons change energy states, the amount of energy given off or absorbed is equal to...

hv

The scientist that proposed that a "hot" object radiated energy in small, specific amounts called...

quanta

The principle that requires each of the p orbitals at a particular level have one electron before any of them can have two electrons...

Hund's rule

A particle that has an outer main energy level fully occupied by eight electrons has a...configuration

noble gas

The energy of a photon depends on the...of the radiation

frequency

If electro magnetic radiation A has a lower frequency than electromagnetic radiation B, then compared with B, the wavelength of A is...

longer

In SI, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is measured in...

hertz (Hz)

The distance between corresponding points on a wave is called...

wavelength

The lowest energy state of an atom is called its...

ground state

The number of waves that pass a point per second is called the...

frequency

When an electron drop from a higher-energy state to a lower-energy state, a(n)...spectrum is produced

line emission

The numerical value of the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum is...

3.0x10^8 m/s

The color of the visible spectrum with the lowest frequency is...

red

The principle that states that it is not possible to know the velocity and the position of a small particle at the same time is...

Heinsberg uncertainty principle

Electrons that are NOT in the highest occupied energy level are called...

inner-shell electrons

Any form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travel through space is called...

electromagnetic radiation

The principle that states that an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it is...

Aufbau principle

The principle that state that orbitals of equal energy are occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron is...

Hund's rule

The principle that states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers is...

Pauli exclusion principle

The principle that states that single electrons of hydrogen orbits the nucleus only in allowed orbits, each with a fixed energy is...

Bohr model of the atom

This scientist discovered that elements with similar properties occurred at regular intervals when the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic number...

Moseley

This scientist grouped elements with similar properties together...

Mendeleev

Within thep-block element group, the elements at the top of the table are less...than those at the bottom.

metallic

Within s group of elements, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius...

increases

For each successive electron removed from an tome, the ionization energy...

increases

The elements with atomic number from 57-71 in the periodic table are called the...

lanthanides

The electrons available to be gained, lost, or shared int eh formation of chemical compounds are called...

valence electrons

The energy change when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom is called the...

electron affinity

The measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons is called...

electronegativity

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is called its...

ionization energy

One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together is the...

atomic radius

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge is called a(n)...

ion

Ionization energies generally...down a group.

decrease

Ionization energies generally...across a period.

increase

The law that states the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers...

periodic law

A(n)...atomic radius is smaller than a neutral atom.

cation's

A(n)...atomic radius is bigger than a neutral atom.

anion's

Group 1 elements are also known as...

alkali metals

An ionic bond results from electrical attraction between large numbers of...

cations and anions

A nonpolar covalent bond is unlikely when two different atoms join because the atoms are likely to differ in...

electronegativity

This is the distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy...

bond length

Multiple covalent bonds may form in the molecules that contain carbon, nitrogen, or...

oxygen

This principle states that atoms tend to form compounds in which each atom has eight electrons in its highest occupied energy level...

octet rule

This is an indication of the strength of an ionic bond...

lattice energy

A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons is called a(n)...

polar bond

A molecule containing two atoms is called a(n)...

diatomic molecule

The degree to which bonding between atoms of two elements is ionic or covalent can be determined from the differences in the...of the elements.

electronegativities

A neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds is called a(n)

molecule

A shorthand representation of the composition of a substance using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts is called a(n)...

chemical formula

A charged group of covalently bonded atoms is called a(n)...

polyatomic ion

A covalent bond between two atoms produced by sharing two pairs of electrons is called a(n)...

double bond

The simplest collection of atoms from which the formula of an ionic compound can be established is called a(n)...

formula unit

The energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms is called...

bond energy

A chemical bond that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding the sea of electrons is called a(n)...

metallic bond

The property of being able to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire is called...

ductility

any substance that has a definite composition

chemical

pure substance made of only one kind of atom

element

a substance that it made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

compound

smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all of the properties of the element or compound

molecule

property that depends on the amount of matter that is present

extensive

property that does not depend on the amount of matter present

intensive

Volume, mass, and amount of energy in a substance are examples of this property...

extensive

Melting point, boiling point, density, ability to conduct electricity and heat, malleability, and ductility are examples of this property...

intensive

property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity

physical

property that describes a substance's ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances; easiest to see when substance reacts to another newer substance

chemical

change that does not involve a change in a substance's identity

physical

change that includes a reaction during which substances are converted into other substances; involves identity change

chemical

This law states that all physical and chemical changes involve energy, and that energy is either absorbed or released, but never created or destroyed. It simply assumes a different form.

Law of Energy

2 types of matter

pure substance and mixture

2 types of pure substances

element and compound

2 types of mixtures

heterogeneous and homogeneous

Group 2 elements are also known as...

alkaline earth metals

Groups 3-12 are also known as...

transition metals

the closeness of measurement to the correct or occupied value of quantity measured

accuracy

closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way

precision

how to find percent error...

value accepted - value experimented divided by value accepted times 100

sf: 0.00237

3

sf: 0.002037

4

sf: 0.00203070

6

sf: 64

2

sf: 1.3x10^6

2

sf: 200

1

1.30x10^-7

3

measurement for distance or length

kilometer

measurement of mass

grams

measurement of volume

centimeters cube

measurement of area

meters cube

Law that states that mass is neither destroyed nor created during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Avogadro's number

6.022x10^23

numerical value of "c" in c=yv

3.0x10^8 m/s

numerical value of Planck's constant

6.626x10^-34

n" is this quantum number...

Principal Quantum Number

l" is this quantum number...

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

m" is this quantum number...

Magnetic Quantum Number

m (sub) s" is this quantum number...

Spin Quantum Number

This bond is a mutual electron attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds that atoms together...

chemical bond

Bonding between a metal and nonmetal...

ionic

Bonding between two nonmetals...

covalent

covalent bond in which the bounding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge

nonpolar covalent

covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons

polar covalent

energy released when one molecule of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions

lattice energy

Hard but brittle, high melting points, conduct electricity and dissolve in water are qualities of this compound...

ionic

Four basic properties of metals...

malleability, ductility, shiny, conductivity

Formula that indicates kind, number, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of atoms in a molecule is called...

structural formula

relationship b/t bond energy and bond length

inverse relationship

relationship b/t bond length and number of bonds

direct relationship

forces of attraction b/t molecules

intermolecular forces

good measure of IMF is...

boiling/melting point

IMF that is created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance...

dipole

MF of medium strength; attraction b/t polar molecules

dipole-dipole forces

strongest IMF in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule

hydrogen bonding

elements that H bonds to for hydrogen bonding IMF

F,O,N

weakest IMF in which electrons are in constant motion that causes uneven distribution and instantaneous dipoles

london dispersion forces

London dispersion forces is an IMF only for...

noble-gas atoms and non-polar molecules

bonding of shared sea of electrons

metallic

bonding of giving and taking electrons to yield cations and anions

ionic

bonding of sharing of electrons

covalent

bigger the bond,....the length

shorter

bigger the bond,...the energy

higher