suspension
Agitation prevents a(n) ____________________ from settling.
smaller
Particles in an emulsion are ____________________ than the particles in a suspension.
colloid
A mixture in which small particles are suspended throughout a solvent is a(n) ____________________.
gas-gas
Nitrogen in fluorine is an example of a(n) ____________________ solute-solvent combination.
solution
A(n) ____________________ is a thoroughly mixed homogeneous mixture of substances in a single phase.
ppm
parts per million
Pollution amounts that occur in small concentrations would most likely be measured in ____________________.
molar mass of the solute
You know the molarity and the volume of a solution. You also need to know the _________________________ to determine the mass of solute.
identity of the acid
An excess of magnesium is placed in 25.00 mL of a 0.16 M acid solution. To find the number of moles of product produced you also need to know the _________________________.
molar mass of NaCl
A 0.25 M solution of HCl reacts with an excess of sodium oxide, Na2O. A volume of 30.00 mL of HCl is used. To determine the mass of NaCl produced you must know the _________________________.
nonpolar
Carbon tetrachloride is an example of a(n) ____________________ solvent.
polarity
In the expression like dissolves like, the word like refers to similarity in molecular ____________________.
polar
Water is an example of a(n) ____________________ solvent.
nonpolar
Dry cleaners use tetrachloroethylene, C2Cl4, to dissolve oil, grease, and alcohol because C2Cl4 is a(n) ____________________ molecule.
left, right
An equation for the dissociation of an ionic solid shows the solid on the ____________________ side and aqueous ions on the ____________________ side.
unsaturated
If the amount of solute in a solution at a given temperature is less than the maximum amount that can dissolve at that temperature, the solution is said to be ____________________.
supersaturated
A(n) ____________________ solution is likely to produce crystals if disturbed.
saturated
A(n) ____________________ solution is at equilibrium when undissolved solute is visible.
decreases
Increasing the temperature ____________________ the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
Henry's law
The law that relates partial pressure of a gas to its solubility is ____________________.
electrolyte
A substance whose water solution conducts a current is a(n) ____________________.
weak electrolyte
A dissolved solute that only partially dissociates to form few ions is a(n) ____________________.
Concentration is the quantity of solute in a specific quantity of solvent.
Define concentration.
The solute, which dissolves in the solvent, is usually the substance present in lesser quantity than is the solvent.
How is a solute distinguished from a solvent?
Distillation is used. Petroleum is gradually heated. Its component parts each separate from the mixture at their individual boiling points. Each vapor is collected and condensed.
How is petroleum commonly separated into its component parts?
In paper chromatography, the components of molecules dissolved in a liquid are separated based on whether they have a greater attraction for the paper or the liquid in which they are dissolved.
Describe the process of paper chromatography.
Decanting is a gentle pouring off of the liquid from a heterogeneous mixture to leave the solid particles in the original container.
Describe decanting.
A centrifuge is used to rapidly spin a suspension of a mixture of materials that have different densities to force the more dense material to the bottom of the tube.
Describe the use of a centrifuge.
Change mg to grams. Divide by the number of grams of solvent. Multiply by 1 000 000.
Describe how to calculate ppm from the number of mg of solute and the number of grams of solvent.
A 0.10 M HCl solution contains 0.10 mol of HCl per liter of solution. Add 0.10 mol HCl (3.646 g HCl) to enough distilled water to make 1.00 L of solution.
Describe how to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.10 M aqueous solution of HCl.
A 0.25 M solution contains 0.25 mol of solute per liter of solution, so 2.00 L of the solution contains 2.00 L � 0.25 mol/L = 0.50 mol of solute. Weigh out 0.50 mol KNO3 (50.56 g KNO3), and pour it into a 2 L volumetric flask. Rinse out the container seve
Describe how to prepare 2.00 L of a 0.25 M aqueous KNO3 solution.
Two materials dissolve in each other when the attractive forces between the solvent particles and solute particles are stronger than the attractive forces holding the solvent particles together and the attractive forces holding the solute particles togeth
Describe the conditions necessary for two materials to dissolve in each other.
Like dissolves like, so tetrachloroethylene will not mix with water because it is nonpolar. Water is a polar molecule, so it will mix with ethylene glycol; hydrogen bonding enhances the solubility.
Ethylene glycol molecules are slightly polar, while tetrachloroethylene molecules are nonpolar. The hydroxyl groups of ethylene glycol can form hydrogen bonds with water, but tetrachloroethylene has no groups capable of hydrogen bonding. Predict the solub
Drop the crystal into the solution. If it dissolves, the solution was unsaturated. If it remains undissolved, the solution was saturated. If it causes other solute to crystallize out of solution, the solution was supersaturated.
Explain how you could use a crystal of solute to determine the whether a solution is unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated.
A strong electrolyte is a water-soluble compound that dissociates completely and is a good conductor of electricity. A weak electrolyte is usually a water-soluble molecular compound that only partially dissociates and is a poor conductor of electricity.
Differentiate between a strong electrolyte and a weak electrolyte in terms of conductance, solubility, and percent dissociation.
The soap molecule has a nonpolar part and a charged part. The nonpolar part dissolves in oil, and the charged part dissolves in water. Adding soap to an oil-water suspension causes the oil and water to form a stable emulsion.
What characteristics make soap a good emulsifying agent?
Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions that form insoluble precipitates with soap molecules. A scum may be left on the clothes. Detergents do not form these precipitates.
Why is detergent a better choice than soap for laundering with hard water?
It is important to consider the vitamin's solubility and molecular size. Water-soluble vitamins with a small molecular size are the easiest for the kidneys to regulate and least likely to reach toxic levels in the body. Fat-soluble vitamins, in contrast,
What factors should be considered before taking vitamin supplements? Why?
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of solvent molecules is decreased when a solute is added, so a higher temperature is required to increase the number of solvent mole
When a solute is added to a pure liquid, the boiling point increases, but the freezing point
decreases. Explain.