chemical bond
mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together
potential energy
atoms decrease in __ when bonding
metallic bonding
chemical bonding that results from the bonding of valence electrons in metal atoms
metallic bonding
metal and metal (bonding)
ionic bonding
chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between large numbers of cations and anions
ionic bonding, transfer
In __, atoms completely __ electrons to other atoms
metallic bonding
unique properties: electrical properties, luster, malleability, ductility
metal
Highest energy levels of most __ atoms are occupied by very few electrons
very few electrons
Highest energy of most metal atoms are occupied by ___
overlap and bend
In metallic bonding, vacant orbitals ___
delocalized
(Metallic bonding) The electrons become ___
sea of electrons
empty orbitals
the sea of electrons/empty orbitals
delocalized electrons move freely in __
metallic bond
Chemical bonding that results from attraction between metals atoms and surrounding sea of electrons is ___
attraction, metal atoms, sea of electrons
a metallic bond results from the ___ between ___ and the ___
ionic bonding
metal + nonmetal
metallic bonding
metal + metal
covalent bonding
nonmetal + nonmetal, or nonmetal + metal if <1.7 EN
metal + nonmetal
types of elements bonded(ionic)
metal + metal
types of elements bonded (metallic)
nonmetal + nonmetal, nonmetal + metal if EN <1.7
types of elements bonded (covalent)
increases, decreases
electronegativity __ across a period and __ down a group
equally shared
in a nonpolar covalent bond, valence electrons are
not shared equally
in a polar covalent bond, valence electrons are
transferred
In an ionic bond, valence electrons are
Fluorine
atom with highest electronegativity
Francium
atom with lowest electronegativity
anions, cations
ionic compound, composed of __ and __ ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
ionic compound
composed of cations and anions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
smallest ratio
Chemical formula of an ionic compound represents the ___ of the compounds combined ions
chemical formula
___ of an ionic compound represents the smallest ratio of the compounds combined ions
ionic
Chemical formula of a(n) ___ compound represents the smallest ratio of the compounds combined ions
compounds combined ions
Chemical formula of an ionic compound represents the smallest ratio of the ____
formula unit
simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound's formula can be established
charges
the ratio of the compound/formula unit depends on the __ of the ions combined
do not
Compounds ____ a charge
ionic compounds
a formula unit is only used for ____
unit cell
smallest unit of the crystal lattice
crystalline lattice
in order to minimize potential energy, they combine in an orderly arrangement known as a ___
lattice energy
the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions
released
Energy is ____ when crystals are formed.
transferred
In ionic compounds valence electrons are ___ from one atom to another.
high electronegativity, low electronegativity
ionic compounds most have an elements with a ___ and an element with a ____
2
In ionic compounds __ ions are formed
opposite charges
The two ions formed by an ionic compound are attracted to each other by their
lose, positive
(ionic) metals __ valence electrons and have __ charges
molecule
neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds
molecular compound
chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
chemical formula
the composition of a compound is given by its ___
chemical formula
indicates the relative numbers of each kind of chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts
composition of a compound
the ____ is given by its chemical formula
diatomic molecule
a molecule containing only 2 atoms
shared pair
pair of electrons involved in bonding
lone or unshared pair
pair of electrons that are not involved in bonding
structural formula
indicates the kind, number, and arrangement of bonds, but not the unshared pairs of the atoms in a molecule
Lewis structures
formulas in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner-shell electrons, dot-pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent shared pairs in covalent bond, and dots adjacent to only one atomic symbol represent unpaired electrons
nuclei, inner-shell electrons
In a Lewis structure the atomic symbols represent __ and ___
shared pairs
In a Lewis structure the dot-pairs or dashes represent __ in a covalent bond
unpaired electrons/lone pairs
In a Lewis structure the dots adjacent to only one atomic symbol represent __
bonding
The properties of molecules depend not only on the __ of the atoms but also on the molecular geometry
molecular geometry
The properties of molecules depend not only on the bonding of the atoms but also on the ___
molecular polarity
the uneven distribution of molecular charge
molecular charge
molecular polarity is the uneven distribution of ___
valence shell electron pair repulsion
VSEPR
VSEPR theory
states that repulsion between the sets of valence level electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far as possible away from each other
ionic compounds
High MP, High BP, not volatile, solutions conduct electricity, soluble in H2O, not soluble in ethanol
volatility
ability to create a gas
molecular or covalent compounds
Low MP, Low BP, volatile, solutions conduct electricity, only polar compounds soluble in H2O, will dissolve polar and nonpolar solutions
dipole-dipole forces
forces of attraction between polar molecules
dipole
created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance
positive, negative
polar covalent molecules have ___ and __ ends
weaker
Intermolecular forces are __ than bonds
are not
Intermolecular forces __ bonds
less
It takes __ energy to separate molecules for intermolecular forces than bonds
hydrogen bonding
the strongest of the dipole-dipole forces
hydrogen bonding
the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule
H2O
Hydrogen bonding occurs between __ molecules
dipole-induced forces
intermolecular forces between a polar and nonpolar molecule
dipole-dipole forces
intermolecular forces between two polar molecules
weak, temporary
dipole-induced forces are very ___ and __
London Dispersion Forces
intermolecular forces between two nonpolar molecules
molar mass increases
London dispersion forces increase when the ___
London Dispersion Forces
weakest of all intermolecular forces
Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-induced, London Dispersion Forces
order of intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest
all atoms, all molecules
The London Dispersion Forces exists between ___ and ___.
weak attractive forces
The London Dispersion Forces arise from the __ of the electrons on one molecule for the nuclei of another molecule.
London Dispersion Forces
___ are the only way noble gases stay together