matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
chemistry
study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
organic chemistry
study of all chemicals containing carbon
inorganic chemistry
study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon
biochemistry
study of processes that take place in organisms
analytical chemistry
area of study that focuses on the composition of matter
physical chemistry
area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
pure chemistry
pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
applied chemistry
research that is directed toward a practical goal or application
technology
means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired
macroscopic
objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye
microscopic
objects that can be seen only under magnification
biotechnology
applies science to the production of biological products or processes
pollutant
material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms
scientific method
logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
observation
when you use your senses to obtain information
hypothesis
proposed explanation for an observation
experiment
procedure that is used to test a hypothesis
independent variable
variable that you change during an experiment
dependent variable
variable that is observed during the experiment
theory
well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
scientific law
concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
mass
measure of the amount of matter the object contains
volume
measure of the space occupied the object
extensive property
property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
intensive property
property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
substance
matter that has a uniform and definite composition
physical property
quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
solid
form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
liquid
form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, yet has a fixed volume
gas
form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
physical change
when some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change
mixture
physical blend of two or more components
heterogeneous mixture
mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
homogeneous mixture
mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
phase
any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
filtration
process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
distillation
when a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
chemical change
change that produces matter with a different composition that the original matter
chemical symbol
one- or two-letter symbol used to represent each element
chemical property
ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change
chemical reaction
when one or more substances change into one or more new substances
reactant
substance present at the start of the reaction
product
substance produced in the reaction
precipitate
solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
law of conservation of mass
states that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved (neither created, nor destroyed)
vapor
gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
solution
homogeneous mixture
element
simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
compound
substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion