surface tension
the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of surface.
freezing
the change of state from a liquid to a solid
evaporation
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
condensation
change of matter from a gas to a liquid state
deposition
change from gas to solid
boiling point
The temperature and pressure at which a liquid and a gas are in equilibrium
melting point
temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
sublimation
(chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid
freezing point
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid
liquid
a substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
solid
substance of definite shape and volume
gas
A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
ionic force
the strongest force attracting particles together
London dispersion forces
the intermolecular attraction resulting from the uneven distribution of electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles, all ions, atoms, and molecules are attracted by these forces.
intermolecular forces
the forces of attraction between molecules
dipole-dipole forces
interactions between polar molecules, usually only significant when the molecules are quite polar.
dipole
a molecule or a part of a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged regions.
hydrogen bond
the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule
enthalpy of fusion (is the same as)
enthalpy of melting (is the same as)
enthalpy of vaporization (is the same as)
enthalpy of evaporation (is the same as)
phase
a part of matter that is uniform
equilibrium
the state in which a chemical process and the reverse chemical process occur at the same rate such that the concentrations of the products and reactants do not change
vapor pressure
the partial pressure exerted by a vapor that is in equilibrium with its liquid state at a given temperature
phase diagram
a graph of the relationship between the physical state of a substance and the temperature and pressure of the substance
triple point
the temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance coexist at equilibrium
critical point
the temperature and pressure at which the gas and liquid states of a substance become identical and form one phase