Empirical Approach
an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindy accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Professor Flitwick researches the mental benefit of friendships during adolescence. His research is best aligned with which approach to psychology?
Group of answer choices
cognitive psychology
positive psychology
evolutionary psychology
the biopsychosocia
positive psychology
Antonia was curious whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to express unusually positive levels of well-being. Antonia's concerns best illustrate
Group of answer choices
introspection
.an empiric
critical thinking
Edward Titchener is to John B. Watson as ________ is to ________.
Group of answer choices
biology; environment
inner sensations; observable behavior
mental illness; psychiatry
cognitive perspective; psychodynamic perspective
cognitive perspective; psychodynamic perspective
Rogers and Maslow were part of which school of thought in psychology?
Group of answer choices
behaviorism.
humanistic psychology.
cognitive neuroscience
behavior genetics.
humanistic psychology
By saying that it seems "nurture works on what nature provides," psychological researchers mean that we are biologically prepared with a capacity for
Group of answer choices
inborn ideas.
natural selection.
introspection.
learning and adaptation.
learning and adaptation
Dr. Phial studies how people interact and react in the presence of others. In the biopsychosocial perspective, she examines the ________ influence on behavior and mental processes.
Group of answer
choice
social-cultural
biological
psychological
cognitive
biological
Natural selection explains that differences in ________ that contribute to survival and reproduction will most likely be passed on to following generations.
Group of answer choices
learned habits
inherited traits
levels of analysis
cultural practices
inherited traits
Psychological differences between the sexes are
of little interest to contemporary psychologists
.simply reflections of biological difference between the sexes
no longer evident in contemporary Western societies.
Far outweighed by similarities between the
far outweighed by similarities between the sexes.
Dr. Morse researches the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Morse is most likely a ________ psychologist.
Group of answer choices
cognitive
biological
clinical
social
cognitive
When researchers conduct research for the sake of building a base of knowledge, this research is most clearly examples of
Group of answer choices
the testing effect.
replication.
basic research.
positive psychology.
basic research
William James was a prominent American
Group of answers
psychoanalyst.
behaviorist
.functionalist
.psychiatrist.
functionalist
The rat is always right," one of psychology's early mottos, represents which aspect of scientific attitude?
humility
respect for animals
curiosity
skepticism
humility
Functionalism focused attention on the
adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors.
component elements of sensory experience.
disruptive effects of unconscious motives.
treatment of psychological disorders.
adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors
Dr. Allen interprets that the delinquent behaviors of many teens come from the pressures associated with being a member of a street gang. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.
Group of answer choices
behavior genetics
social-cultural
neu
social-cultural
What would the neuroscience perspective most likely emphasize when explaining behavior?
Group of answer choices
Environmental circumstances
Blood chemistry
Unconscious conflicts
Subjective interpretations
blood chemistry
According to Aristotle, personality is found in the
brain.
throat.
heart.
stomach.
heart
nature is to nurture as
plato is to aristotle
An open-minded humility is necessary for the scientific attitude because it engenders a readiness to
Group of answer choices
perceive order in random events
.reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested
.recognize the errors in our own ideas.
resp
recognize the errors in our own ideas.
The scientific attitude holds
curiosity
skepticism
humility
...
Structuralism: Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
...
Functionalism: early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral process function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
...
Amanda is often overly generous in giving her time to help others. Janie, her friend, suggests that by keeping busy this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Janie's suggestion represents the type of explanation most typical of
Gro
...
Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of
Group of answer choices
animal intelligence.
personality development
.social influence
.mental processes.
...
Who used introspection as his basic research tool to study people's inner sensations and mental images.
John B. Watson
Charles Darwin
Edward Titchener
B. F. Skinner
Edward Titchener
Plasticity refers to the brain's capacity to change by forming new neural pathways based on
refractory periods.
localization of function.
Correct Answer experience.
reuptake.
experience
In a tragic diving accident, Andrew damaged his spinal cord. As a result, his legs were paralyzed. Andrew's injury was located in his
somatic nervous system.
autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer central nervous system.
central nervous system
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is
inhibited by the myelin sheath.
delayed by a refractory period.
Correct Answer an all-
all or none response
The central nervous system consists of
sensory and motor neurons.
somatic and autonomic systems.
Correct Answer the brain and the spinal cord.
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
the brain and the spinal cord
A neuron's reaction of either firing at full strength or not firing at all is described as
Correct Answer an all-or-none response.
a refractory period.
the resting potential.
a reflexive response.
all or none response
A focus on the links between brain activity and behavior is most characteristic of ________ psychologists.
psychodynamic
cognitive
behavioral
Correct Answer biological
biological
An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.
somatic; autonomic
autonomic; somatic
Correct Answer sympathetic; parasympathetic
parasympathetic; sympathetic
parasympathetic; sympathetic
Animal research has revealed a general reward system related to the release of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
GABA.
Correct! dopamine.
epinephrine.
dopamine
Basic automatic survival functions, such as heartbeat and breathing, are controlled by the
pons.
Correct! brainstem.
thalamus.
reticular formation.
brainstem
Substance use disorders may stem from malfunctioning reward centers in the
thalamus.
cerebellum.
reticular formation.
limbic system.
limibic system
The ________ project enables researchers to examine differences between the brains of healthy people and those with various disorders.
optogenetics
diffusion spectrum imaging
Correct! PsychENCODE
MRI
psychENCODE
To detect Mr. Ziegler's loss of brain tissue from a degenerative disease, his physicians are most likely to request that he receive a(n)
EEG.
Correct! MRI scan.
brain lesion.
PET scan.
MRI scan
The ________ relays messages between lower brain centers and the cerebral cortex.
Correct Answer thalamus
You Answered hypothalamus
reticular formation
pons
thalamus
S. M. is a patient who has been called "the woman with no fear," even of being threatened with a gun. Her fearlessness is best attributed to damage to her
pons.
cerebellum.
hypothalamus.
Correct! amygdala.
amygala
The amygdala consists of emotion-linked neural clusters in the
brainstem.
reticular formation.
Correct! limbic system.
cerebellum.
limbic system
Which brain structure receives information from all of the senses except smell?
hippocampus
amygdala
pons
Correct! thalamus
thalamus
The $40 million Human Connectome Project harnesses ________ technology to map neural connections across long distances within the brain.
positron emission tomography
electroencephalogram
Correct! diffusion spectrum imaging
microelectrode insertion
diffusion emission tomography
The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
cerebellum.
Correct! medulla.
amygdala.
thalamus.
medulla
The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
nucleus accumbens.
hippocampus.
amygdala.
Correct! pons.
pons
Human brain complexity arises from new systems built on top of older ones. The remnants of humanity's most distant past involve components of the
amygdala.
hippocampus.
Correct! brainstem.
hypothalamus.
brainstem
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain is called a(n)
fMRI.
Correct Answer EEG.
PET scan.
You Answered MRI.
EEG
A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the
You Answered amygdala.
reticular formation.
pons.
Correct Answer nucleus accumbens.
nucleus accumbens
Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic fields and ________ to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue.
Correct! radio waves
brain lesions
a radioactive form of glucose
electrodes placed on the scalp
radio waves
Animal research has revealed a general reward system related to the release of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
GABA.
Correct! dopamine.
epinephrine.
dopamine
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's
reticular formation.
cerebellum.
medulla.
Correct! amygdala.
amygdala
A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of
visual perception.
muscular coordination.
Correct! sexual motivation.
language comprehension.
sexual motivation
Substance use disorders may stem from malfunctioning reward centers in the
thalamus.
cerebellum.
reticular formation.
Correct! limbic system.
limibic system
To identify which of Lucy's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n)
fMRI.
Correct! PET scan.
EEG.
MRI scan.
PET scan
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty
reading printed words.
understanding what others are saying.
tasting the flavors of foods.
Correct! playing his guitar.
playing his guitar
Human brain complexity arises from new systems built on top of older ones. The remnants of humanity's most distant past involve components of the
amygdala.
hippocampus.
Correct! brainstem.
hypothalamus.
brainstem
Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to
become violently aggressive.
cower in fear.
experience convulsive seizures.
Correct! lapse into a coma.
laspe into a coma
Jason lost his sense of taste due to a tumor that caused damage to a structure located on top of his brainstem. This structure is known as the
amygdala.
Correct Answer thalamus.
You Answered medulla.
hippocampus.
thalamus
Brandon has trouble sleeping regularly. He has difficulty falling asleep and then staying asleep. On average, he gets 4 hours of sleep each night. His ________ may not be functioning properly.
thalamus
hypothalamus
You Answered reticular formation
Correct
pons
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain is called a(n)
fMRI.
Correct! EEG.
PET scan.
MRI.
EEG
Which baseball-sized structure at the rear of the brainstem serves many functions, including helping you to judge time and to discriminate sounds and textures?
amygdala
Correct! cerebellum
hippocampus
corpus callosum
cerebellum
The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the
cerebellum.
amygdala.
reticular formation.
Correct! hypothalamus.
hypothalamus
James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the
Correct! hypothalamus.
cerebellum.
medulla.
amygdala.
hypothalamus
Dr. Rapport conducts research to better understand how different regions of the brain work together. He is also interested in the causes of psychological disorders. Which of the following techniques is he likely to implement in his research?
Correct! anal
analyses of functional connectivity
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n)
EEG.
diffusion spectrum.
Correct Answer lesion.
You Answered MRI.
lesion
S. M. is a patient who has been called "the woman with no fear," even of being threatened with a gun. Her fearlessness is best attributed to damage to her
pons.
You Answered cerebellum.
hypothalamus.
Correct Answer amygdala.
amygdala
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's
reticular formation.
cerebellum.
You Answered medulla.
Correct Answer amygdala.
amygdala
Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic fields and ________ to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue.
Correct Answer radio waves
brain lesions
You Answered a radioactive form of glucose
electrodes placed on the scalp
radio waves
To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)
Correct Answer fMRI.
microelectrode insertion.
You Answered MRI.
brain lesion.
fMRI
The reticular formation is a nerve network that travels from the ________ into the thalamus.
Correct Answer spinal cord
amygdala
hypothalamus
You Answered cerebellum
spinal cord
The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)
EEG.
Correct! MRI.
PET scan.
brain lesion.
MRI
Conscious information processing is LEAST likely to be required for the automatic physical survival functions regulated by the
You Answered hippocampus.
thalamus.
Correct Answer brainstem.
amygdala.
brainstem
Along with the basal ganglia, the ________ enables nonverbal learning and skill memory.
amygdala
Correct! cerebellum
hypothalamus
nucleus accumbens
cerebellum
The ________ relays messages between lower brain centers and the cerebral cortex.
Correct! thalamus
hypothalamus
reticular formation
pons
thalamus
The amygdala is responsible for the regulation of
survival mechanisms.
hunger.
balance.
Correct! emotion.
emotion
With assistance from the ________, the cerebellum coordinates ________.
You Answered hypothalamus; hunger and thirst
amygdala; heartbeat and breathing
Correct Answer pons; voluntary movement
medulla; fear and rage
pons; voluntary movement
Which technique measures fields from the brain's natural electrical activity?
lesion
optogenetics
You Answered EEG
Correct Answer MEG
MEG
When the brain is unoccupied, an fMRI indicates that blood continues to flow via a web of brain regions called the
reticular formation.
nucleus accumbens.
Correct! default network.
diffusion spectrum.
default networlk
After experiencing a series of head injuries while playing professional football, Arie has begun to struggle with remembering the names of friends and even family members. His memory difficulties are most likely to be due to damage to his
Correct Answer h
hippocampus
Those who survive a hippocampal brain tumor in childhood are likely to have difficulty ________ in their adulthood.
getting adequate sleep
Correct Answer remembering new information
You Answered maintaining body balance while walking
experiencing feelings
remembering new information
The endocrine system consists of the
communication network that includes all the body's neurons.
regions of the brain that regulate emotion.
interneurons within the spinal cord.
Correct! glands that secrete hormones.
glands that secrete hormones
Neurons generate electricity from a chemical process involving the exchange of
Correct Answer ions.
You Answered enzymes.
cortisol.
oxytocin.
ions
Dr. Wolski conducts research on the relationship between neurotransmitter deficiencies and mood states. Dr. Wolski's research focus is most characteristic of
phrenology.
biological psychology.
psychoanalysis.
social psychology.
biological psychology
Dendrites are branching extensions of
neurotransmitters.
endorphins.
neurons.
glial cells.
neurons
The axon of a sending neuron is separated from the dendrite of a receiving neuron by a
myelin sheath.
neural network.
glial cell.
synaptic gap.
synaptic gap
A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple
endocrine glands.
endorphin agonists.
Correct! neural networks.
acetylcholine ant
neural networks
The parasympathetic nervous system
Correct! stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.
inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the
autonomic nervous system.
somatic nervous system.
Correct! endocrine system.
central nervous system.
endrocrine system
An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to
Alzheimer's disease.
schizophrenia.
Parkinson's disease.
Correct! depression.
depression
The master gland of the endocrine system is the
thyroid gland.
adrenal gland.
Correct! pituitary gland.
pancreas.
pituatary gland
Plasticity refers to the brain's capacity to change by forming new neural pathways based on
refractory periods.
localization of function.
Correct! experience.
reuptake.
experience
Excitatory signals to a neuron must exceed inhibitory signals by a minimum intensity in order to trigger
reuptake.
a refractory period.
Correct! an action potential.
selective permeability.
an action potential
Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in
reuptake.
Correct! multiple sclerosis.
schizophrenia.
an action potential.
multiple sclerosis
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
synapse.
agonist.
Correct! action potential.
refractory period.
action potential
Information travels through axons that are bundled into the cables we call
interneurons.
action potentials.
Correct! nerves.
reflex pathways.
nerves
Sensory neurons are located in the
synaptic gaps.
endocrine system.
Correct! peripheral nervous system.
myelin sheath.
peripheral nervous system
Dr. Wolski conducts research on the relationship between neurotransmitter deficiencies and mood states. Dr. Wolski's research focus is most characteristic of
phrenology.
Correct! biological psychology.
psychoanalysis.
social psychology.
biological psychology
Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the ________ nervous system.
Correct Answer peripheral
You Answered parasympathetic
sympathetic
autonomic
peripheral
Jason's intensely uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms following heroin use were probably due in part to a reduction in his body's normal production of
You Answered dopamine.
epinephrine.
acetylcholine.
Correct Answer endorphins.
endorphins
The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the
somatic nervous system.
Correct! endocrine system.
autonomic nervous system.
central nervous system.
endocrine
A drug molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action is called a(n)
antagonist.
endorphin.
Correct Answer agonist.
You Answered steroid.
agonist
Schizophrenia is most closely linked to an oversupply of the neurotransmitter
Correct Answer dopamine.
You Answered epinephrine.
acetylcholine.
serotonin.
dopamine
An action potential is generated by the movement of ________ through an axon membrane.
glial cells
glands
neurotransmitters
Correct! ions
ions
Endorphin agonists are likely to ________ one's immediate pain, and endorphin antagonists are likely to ________ one's immediate pain.
Correct Answer decrease; increase
You Answered increase; decrease
increase; increase
decrease; decrease
decrease; increase
Mr. Anderson suffers from Parkinson's disease and his shaking arm movements are so severe that he has difficulty feeding or dressing himself without help. His symptoms are most likely to be linked with an undersupply of the neurotransmitter
cortisol.
Corr
dopamine
Reuptake refers to the
movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap.
release of hormones into the bloodstream.
You Answered inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane.
Correct Answer reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter
reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron
The strengthening of the brain's synaptic connections facilitates the formation of
interneurons.
endorphins.
Correct Answer neural networks.
You Answered glial cells.
neural networks
Neurons that function within the brain and spinal cord are called
You Answered sensory neurons.
Correct Answer interneurons.
endorphins.
motor neurons.
interneurons
Gerald has experienced increasing difficulties with muscle weakness, motor coordination, and body balance, which his doctor has diagnosed as multiple sclerosis. These symptoms are most likely to be directly linked with the degeneration of
endorphins
synap
myelin sheath
brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
synapse.
agonist.
Correct! action potential.
refractory period.
action potential
Sensory neurons are ________ neurons, and motor neurons are ________ neurons.
You Answered agonist; antagonist
Correct Answer afferent; efferent
antagonist; agonist
efferent; afferent
afferent; efferent
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movements of your mouth and jaws as you eat is called the
Correct! somatic nervous system.
sympathetic nervous system.
endocrine system.
autonomic nervous system.
somatic nervous system
Jos� has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of
glutamate.
dopamine.
acetylcholine.
Correct! endorphins.
endorphhins
In a tragic diving accident, Andrew damaged his spinal cord. As a result, his legs were paralyzed. Andrew's injury was located in his
somatic nervous system.
autonomic nervous system.
You Answered sympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer central nervous
central nervous system
The release of epinephrine into the bloodstream is most likely to
Correct Answer increase blood sugar.
lower blood pressure.
You Answered stimulate digestion.
decrease perspiration.
increase blood sugar
Which neurotransmitter influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion?
You Answered ACh
Correct Answer dopamine
serotonin
GABA
dopamine
The nervous system is
the complete set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
You Answered the collection of bundled axons that form neural cables carrying information to body muscles.
an organism's complete set of automatic reflex response
the electrochemical communication network that includes all the body's neurons.
The strengthening of the brain's synaptic connections facilitates the formation of
interneurons.
You Answered endorphins.
Correct Answer neural networks.
glial cells.
neural networks
The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system.
perpheral
Information travels through axons that are bundled into the cables we call
nerves
You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the
somatic nervous system.
Correct! sympathetic nervous system.
parasympathetic nervous system.
sensory
sympathetic nervous system
Some neurons enable you to grasp objects by relaying outgoing messages to the muscles in your arms and hands. These neurons are called
interneurons.
sensory neurons.
You Answered neurotransmitters.
Correct Answer motor neurons.
motor neurons
Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
interneurons.
You Answered sensory neurons.
Correct Answer motor neurons.
adrenal glands.
motor neurons
Stacey is eating dinner while watching her favorite movie. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion?
Correct Answer autonomic
You Answered sympathetic
somatic
peripheral
autonomic
The central nervous system consists of
sensory and motor neurons.
somatic and autonomic systems.
Correct! the brain and the spinal cord.
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
the brain and the spinal cord
A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap triggers
You Answered the release of endorphins.
more intense neural impulses.
the release of GABA.
Correct Answer more neurons to fire, and to fire more often.
more neurons to fire, and to fire more often
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
depolarization.
reuptake.
Correct Answer homeostasis.
You Answered the resting potential.
homeostasis
A synapse is a(n)
You Answered chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
automatic response to sensory input.
Correct Answer junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
neural cable containing many axons.
junction between a sending neuron and a recieving neuron
Which part of the nervous system controls our glands and internal organ muscles?
automonic
Which neurotransmitter plays the most direct role in learning and memory?
actylcholine
An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures.
glutamate
Correct Answer GABA
You Answered serotonin
ACh
GABA
One function of glial cells is to
provide nutrients to neurons
The brain region that controls the pituitary gland is the
hypothalamus
During a laboratory game, those given a nasal squirt of ________ rather than a placebo were more likely to trust strangers with their money.
epinephrine
Correct! oxytocin
dopamine
serotonin
oxytocin
Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?
the parasympathetic nervous system
Correct! the sympathetic nervous system
the somatic nervous system
the central nervous system
the sympathetic nervous system
Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
dendrites.
cell body.
Correct! axon.
myelin sheath.
axon
Kendra and several classmates are studying for an upcoming exam. As they talk, the level of oxytocin in Kendra's bloodstream begins to rise. This is most likely to lead Kendra to experience increased feelings of social
irritation.
envy.
Correct Answer tru
trust
The axon of a sending neuron is separated from the dendrite of a receiving neuron by a
myelin sheath.
You Answered neural network.
glial cell.
Correct Answer synaptic gap.
synaptic gap
The axon of a sending neuron is separated from the dendrite of a receiving neuron by a
myelin sheath.
You Answered neural network.
glial cell.
Correct Answer synaptic gap.
...
Which brain cells play a role in learning, thinking, and memory by communicating with neurons?
endorphins
Correct Answer glial cells
You Answered agonists
myelin cells
glial cells
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.
dendrites to the axon to the cell body
axon to the cell body to the dendrites
Correct! dendrites to the cell body to the axon
axon to the
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
Stacey and her boyfriend had a fight earlier in the day. While they made up after the fight, Stacey still feels angry hours later. Why is this?
Central nervous system messages last an extended period.
Peripheral nervous system messages last an extended pe
Endocrine system messages last an extended period
Although James lost some manual dexterity following brain damage from a small stroke, the development of new neural pathways enabled him to regain most of his lost manual agility. This best illustrates the value of
action potentials.
phrenology.
plasticit
plasticity
Neuron-produced chemicals that carry messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands are called
synapses.
You Answered interneurons.
dendrites.
neurotransmitters.
neurotransmitters
The hypothalamus influences the ________ to send messages to the ________.
adrenal glands; pancreas
Correct Answer pituitary; endocrine glands
You Answered motor neurons; sensory neurons
somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
pituitary; endocrine glands
The resting potential of an axon results from the fact that an axon membrane is
encased by a myelin sheath.
Correct! selectively permeable.
sensitive to neurotransmitter molecules.
part of a larger neural network.
selectively permeable
A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap triggers
the release of endorphins.
more intense neural impulses.
the release of GABA.
Correct! more neurons to fire, and to fire more often.
more neurons to fire, and to fire more often
Botulin poisoning from improperly canned food causes paralysis by blocking the release of
You Answered endorphins.
epinephrine.
Correct Answer acetylcholine.
dopamine.
acetylcholine
The ________ occurs at an electrical charge of about -55 millivolts and the ________ occurs at a charge of about +40 millivolts.
action potential; resting potential
resting potential; threshold
threshold; resting potential
Correct! resting potential; acti
resting potential; action potential
Although phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a person's character traits, phrenology did succeed in focusing attention on
synaptic gaps.
You Answered action potentials.
Correct Answer the localization of function.
endorphins.
the location of function
Opiate drugs ________ mood and ________ pain.
You Answered depress; increase
Correct Answer elevate; decrease
depress; decrease
elevate; increase
elevate decrease
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n)
reflex
An axon is
a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.
Correct! the extension of a neuron that carries messa
...
The release of hormones by the adrenal glands is most likely to trigger
the fight or flight response
If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream.
endorphins
epinephrine
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is
inhibited by the myelin sheath.
delayed by a refractory period.
Correct! an all-or-non
all or none response
The endocrine gland that helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood is the
parathyroid
Neurons that function within the brain and spinal cord are called
innerneurons
The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates correctly located the mind in the
brain
The hypothalamus influences the ________ to send messages to the ________.
adrenal glands; pancreas
Correct Answer pituitary; endocrine glands
motor neurons; sensory neurons
You Answered somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
...
Madison is experiencing symptoms of paralysis after eating food contaminated by botulin. Her paralysis is most likely to be relieved by a drug that functions as a(n)
Correct Answer ACh agonist.
You Answered serotonin agonist.
ACh antagonist.
serotonin ant
ACh agonist
Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
axon
The ________ is similar to the nervous system in that both produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere in the body.
endocrine system
Neural networks refer to
You Answered the branching extensions of a neuron.
interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system.
neural cables containing many axons.
junctions between sending and receiving neurons.
interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system
The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.
hearing; sensing movement
seeing; sensing touch
Correct! seeing; hearing
speaking; hearing
seeing; hearing
The control of speech production by the left rather than the right hemisphere of the brain best illustrates
neurogenesis.
Correct! lateralization.
cognitive neural prosthetics.
plasticity.
laternization
Deaf people who use sign language typically
demonstrate greater mathematical competence than hearing persons.
Correct! process language in their left cerebral hemisphere.
have better communication skills than hearing persons.
have a smaller corpus callosu
process language in their left cerebral hemisphere
The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can
trigger muscle spasms.
enhance moral reasoning skills.
Correct! alter one's personality.
facilitate neurogenesis.
alter one's personality
People who suffer partial paralysis as a result of damage to the ________will sometimes obstinately claim they can move a paralyzed limb.
Correct! right cerebral hemisphere
corpus callosum
left cerebral hemisphere
occipital lobes
right cerebral hemisphere
The most extensive regions of the brain are involved in higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning. These regions are called the
somatosensory cortex.
hippocampus.
corpus callosum.
Correct! association areas.
association areas
Physical exercise, sex, sleep, and nonstressful but stimulating environments are natural ways to promote
lateralization.
neurogenesis.
diffusion spectrum imaging.
cognitive neural prosthetics.
neurogenesis
Those whose corpus callosum is surgically severed are said to be patients with
brain plasticity.
brain fissures.
neurogenesis.
Correct! split brains.
split brains
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to
facially express emotions.
solve arithmetic problems.
understand simple verbal requests.
correctly pronounce famil
facially express emotions
Optic nerves transmit information from the ________ visual field of ________ to the left cerebral hemisphere.
left; only the left eye
right; only the right eye
left; only the right eye
right; both the right and left eyes
right; both the right and the left eyes
The visual cortex is activated when blind people read Braille. This best illustrates
plasticity
Knowing that you will be punished for breaking Mom's favorite dish is a function of the
somatosensory cortex.
corpus callosum.
association areas.
motor cortex.
association areas
Among deaf people, a temporal lobe area normally dedicated to hearing may begin to process visual signals. This best illustrates the impact of
plasticity.
neurogenesis.
lateralization.
cognitive neural prosthetics.
plasticity
Thanks to the release of carbon isotopes in nuclear weapons tests, researchers have been able to detect the process of neurogenesis in the
motor cortex.
corpus callosum.
somatosensory cortex.
hippocampus.
hippocampus
People's failure to recognize themselves in a mirror is most likely to be associated with damage to the
somatosensory cortex.
left cerebral hemisphere.
corpus callosum.
right cerebral hemisphere.
right cerebral hemisphere
The fact that the ability to interpret and integrate sensory information with stored memories is lost following damage to the ________ disconfirms the claim that we really use only 10 percent of our brain.
association areas
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to
facially express emotions.
solve arithmetic problems.
understand simple verbal requests.
correctly pronounce famil
facially express emotions
The somatosensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
touch
Knowing that you will be punished for breaking Mom's favorite dish is a function of the
somatosensory cortex.
corpus callosum.
association areas.
motor cortex.
association areas
People who suffer partial paralysis as a result of damage to the ________will sometimes obstinately claim they can move a paralyzed limb.
right cerebral cortex
The inability to recognize familiar faces even though one can clearly see and describe features of the faces is associated with damage to the right ________ lobe.
temporal lobe
The motor cortex is located in the ________ lobes.
frontal lobes
A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to
use her left hand to point
verbally report that she a boy
John and Samantha are studying for their upcoming psychology class when John states, "I wonder what it would be like if we used all of our brain, instead of only 10 percent of it." Which of the following would be the best response by Samantha?
"I complete
that is actually a myth. we use all of our brain
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is located nearest the top of the head just behind the frontal lobes?
occipital lobes
hippocampus
Correct! parietal lobes
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
Which of the following is NOT true of the brain's association areas?
More intelligent animals have larger association areas.
Lower-level species have smaller association areas.
The association areas link sensory information with stored memories.
Correct!
more intelligent animals have smaller association areas
A neurosurgeon begins to sedate the entire left cerebral hemisphere of a patient, who is instructed to count aloud with both arms in the air. What will most likely happen?
The patient's left arm will fall limp, and the patient will become speechless.
Corr
The patients right arm will fall limp, and the patient will become speechless.
After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he could no longer figure out how to find his way around his neighborhood. It is most like
an association area
Which portion of the cerebral cortex lies directly behind the forehead and is involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans?
frontal cortex
Brain plasticity may contribute to the effectiveness of
constraint-induced therapy
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?
parietal
Thanks to the release of carbon isotopes in nuclear weapons tests, researchers have been able to detect the process of neurogenesis in the
hippocampus
During open-brain surgery, Adam's left ankle twitched whenever the surgeon electrically stimulated a specific area within Adam's
right frontal lobe
Falsely hearing a sound in the absence of any external stimulus is called
hallucinations
Christy failed to notice that she received her ice cream in a sugar cone rather than a waffle cone as she had requested. She later indicated to another customer that she preferred sugar cones over waffle cones. Christy's behavior most clearly illustrates
choice blindness
The interdisciplinary study of the linkages between brain activity and mental processes is known as
evolutionary psychology.
neurology.
behaviorism.
Correct! cognitive neuroscience.
cognitive neuroscience
It has been estimated that our five senses take in ________ bits of information per second while we process only ________ bits of information per second.
1,000; 10
11,000; 20
101,000; 30
Correct! 11,000,000; 40
11,000,000; 40
Crashes and near-crashes have been observed to ________ when teen drivers are reaching for a cell phone and to ________ when they are dialing a cell phone.
neither increase nor decrease; neither increase nor decrease
neither increase nor decrease; increas
increase; increase
The experience of popout illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger
blindsight.
You Answered change blindness.
selective attention.
choice blindness.
selective attention
Which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the brain-wave patterns associated with a person's conscious recognition of familiar faces or voices?
evolutionary psychology
cognitive neuroscience
behavior genetics
behaviorism
cognitive neuroscience
Attention to her long-term educational goals enables Alicia to avoid thoughtlessly skipping difficult class assignments. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
change blindness.
consciousness.
the cocktail party effect.
popout.
consciousness
Cognitive neuroscience is most directly concerned with studying
selective attention and accidents.
evolution and natural selection.
selective attention and daydreams.
brain activity and thought processes.
brain activity and thought processes
June's correct solution to a novel arithmetic problem was simultaneously facilitated by unconscious inferences and the conscious application of mathematical principles. This best illustrates the value of
the popout phenomenon.
a biopsychosocial approach.
dual processing
While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption il
change blindness
Texting and talking on the cell phone while driving is responsible for ________ percent of traffic accidents.
12
28
45
76
28
The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was behaviorism.
psychoanalysis.
humanistic psychology.
evolutionary psychology.
behaviorism
Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively
fast and especially effective for solving new problems.
slow and especially effective for solving new problems.
fast and especially effective for solving rout
slow and especially effective for solving new problems
Although many experienced drivers cannot accurately explain how they do it, most know how to turn successfully from a left to a right lane of traffic. This best illustrates the value of
sequential processing.
blindsight.
choice blindness.
unconscious proc
unconscious processing
Corolina was not aware of what her mother was telling her while she was focused on a phone voice message from a friend. Her experience best illustrates
dual processing.
the cocktail party effect.
popout.
blindsight.
the cocktail party effect
Since 1960, psychology has regained an interest in consciousness as psychologists of all persuasions began affirming the importance of
evolutionary psychology.
choice blindness.
neuroscience.
cognition.
cognition
The possibility that our mental state might have a direct impact on our actions was most clearly dismissed by
evolutionary psychologists.
behaviorists.
cognitive neuroscientists.
behavior geneticists.
behaviorists
Sequential processing refers to
the formation of complex neural networks.
consciously processing one aspect of a problem at a time.
the brain's ability to automatically regulate basic life-sustaining processes such as breathing.
the coordinated brain-wide
consciously processing one aspect of a problem at a time.
Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ________ is to ________.
sequential processing; parellel processing
A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates the impact of
parallel processing.
change blindness.
selective attention.
bl
selective attention
The interdisciplinary study of the linkages between brain activity and mental processes is known as
evolutionary psychology.
neurology.
behaviorism.
cognitive neuroscience.
cognitive neuroscience
The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called
dual processing
After turning to wave at one of her friends during lunch, Jessica fails to notice that her new cell phone, which had been right next to her lunch plate, has disappeared. Her oversight best illustrates
change blindness
Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems.
less; novel
more; familiar
less; familiar
more; novel
more; novel
A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of a flying kite best illustrates
parellel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is called
parellel processing
Most psychologists define consciousness as
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
mental processes.
observations of behavior.
waking awareness and altered states of observation.
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
The possibility that our mental state might have a direct impact on our actions was most clearly dismissed by
behaviorists
Attention to her long-term educational goals enables Alicia to avoid thoughtlessly skipping difficult class assignments. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
consciousness
One study simultaneously delivered a recording of men talking in participants' one ear and a recording of women talking in participants' other ear. When participants were assigned to pay attention to the women, 70 percent failed to hear one of the men rep
inattentional deafness
The experience of popout illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger
selective attention
The increased risk of car accidents for drivers talking on a cell phone is
primarily due to the visual distraction of glancing at one's cell phone.
no greater than the risk for drivers chatting with other passengers.
no greater than the risk for drivers l
the same for those using a handheld and those using hands-free phones
Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems.
less; novel
more; familiar
less; familiar
more; novel
more; novel
Consciousness contributes to all of the following EXCEPT
reflecting on past experiences.
setting goals for the future.
being shocked by the present situation.
focusing our attention to learn complex tasks.
being shocked by the present situation
Which of the following is NOT a way consciousness aids survival, according to evolutionary psychologists?
Consciousness helps us cope with new situations.
You Answered Consciousness helps us act in our long-term interests.
Consciousness helps us seek shor
consciousness helps us seek short-term pleasures
Although unable to report the width of a block in front of her, a woman identified as D. F. could grasp the block with just the right finger-thumb distance. Her experience best illustrates
blindsight
Although many experienced drivers cannot accurately explain how they do it, most know how to turn successfully from a left to a right lane of traffic. This best illustrates the value of
unconsicous processing
A visual perception track enables most people to recognize objects at nearly the same time that a visual action track enables them to avoid bumping into the objects. This best illustrates
sequential processing.
You Answered change blindness.
dual processi
dual processing
Exposure to bright light causes the
thyroid gland to suppress the production of melatonin.
thyroid gland to increase the production of melatonin.
suprachiasmatic nucleus to increase the pineal gland's production of melatonin.
Correct! suprachiasmatic nucl
suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the pineal gland's production of melatonin
Which theory emphasizes that dreams simulate reality by drawing on our current understandings of reality?
wish-fulfillment theory
neural activation theory
information-processing theory
cognitive development theory
cognitive-development theory
According to Freud, the dreams of adults can be traced back to
erotic wishes.
stressful life events.
biological needs for brain stimulation.
random bursts of neural activity.
erotic wishes
Particularly among men, sleep apnea is linked with
night terrors.
sleepwalking.
narcolepsy.
obesity.
obesity
The activation of light-sensitive proteins in our eyes' retinas signals our brain to decrease the production of
free radicals.
benzene.
melatonin.
dopamine.
melatonin
Identical twins have more similar sleep patterns than do fraternal twins, and people in industrialized nations go to bed later at night than their counterparts of a century ago. These facts best illustrate that sleep patterns are affected by both
rapid ey
heredity and environment
Sequences of images notable for their hallucinatory quality are most likely to be associated with
sleep apnea.
REM sleep.
cyberloafing.
high waking metabolism.
REM sleep
Research indicates that total time spent in REM sleep is especially high in
males.
infants.
females.
the elderly.
infants
During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the
brainstem.
hypothalamus.
suprachiasmatic nucleus.
amygdala.
brainstem
Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?
Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.
Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at bedtime.
Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholi
relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime
Circadian rhythm refers to
the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24?hour cycle.
the experience of sleep apnea following a lengthy transoceanic plane flight.
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24 hour cycle
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
sleeptalking.
EEG recordings.
sleep apnea.
Correct! REM sleep.
REM sleep
Melissa is a graduate student in a theological studies program. The fact that her dreams often involve abstract theological issues and biblical metaphors is best explained by
wish-fulfillment theory.
cognitive development theory.
neural activation theory.
information-processing theory
Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
delta waves; alpha waves
NREM-3 sleep; NREM-1 sleep
NREM-1 sleep; REM sleep
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.
improving; declining
declining; improving
declining; staying the same
staying the same; declining
improving; declining
Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep.
NREM-1
NREM-2
NREM-3
REM
NREM-3
An EEG shows bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity during ________ sleep.
NREM-1
NREM-2
NREM-3
REM
NREM 2
Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep. NREM-1
NREM-2
NREM-3
REM
NREM-1
During lunch your friend tells you about a recent dream. In her dream, while at home she was attacked, beaten, and robbed. What would your response be?
"That's a strange dream."
"You should be extra careful. It may be a premonition."
"I read recently that
That's crazy!" But being attacked is one of the most common themes in dreams
Of the following people, who will be LESS likely to resist temptation to the sight of food?
Bree, who is on a diet
Scott, who is fasting for religious reasons
Parker, who is well rested
Margo, who has not gotten enough sleep the past few days
Margo, who has not gotten enough sleep the past few days.
Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
stimulates; increasing
inhibits; increasing
stimulates; decreasing
inhibits; decreasing
stimulates; increasing
Charlize suffers from insomnia. Which of the following is NOT a natural sleep aid that she can try?
Exercise regularly but not in the late evening.
Watch the time closely so that she goes to bed on time.
Dim lights and relax before bedtime.
Sleep on a reg
Watch the time closely so that she goes to bed on time
REM sleep is
reduced by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills.
increased by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills.
reduced by alcohol and increased by sleeping pills.
increased by alcohol and increased by sleeping pills
reduced by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills.
During sleep, memories stored in the ________ are moved to permanent storage in areas of the cortex.
thalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
amygdala
hippocampus
hippocampus
Sleep has been known to reactivate recent experiences that are stored in the hippocampus and move them into permanent storage. This is known as the process of
recuperation.
consolidation.
creativity.
desynchronization.
consolidation
Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
delta waves; alpha waves
NREM-3 sleep; NREM-1 sleep
NREM-1 sleep; REM sleep
REM sleep; NREM 3 sleep
During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly fell asleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from
narcolepsy.
insomnia.
You Answered sleep apnea.
REM rebound.
nacrolepsy
Sequences of images notable for their hallucinatory quality are most likely to be associated with
sleep apnea.
REM sleep.
cyberloafing.
high waking metabolism.
REM sleep
A need to take larger and larger doses of sleeping pills to avoid insomnia is an indication of
narcolepsy.
tolerance.
sleep apnea.
REM rebound.
tolerance
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.
manifest
paradoxical
hypnagogic
circadian
manifest
Most animals placed under unnatural constant illumination have more difficulty sleeping thanks to decreased production of
leptin.
cortisol.
melatonin.
free radicals.
meltonin
Three hours after she goes to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming.
emitting delta waves.
about to sleepwalk.
You Answered
dreaming
The body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm during which sleep stage?
paradoxical sleep
NREM-2
You Answered NREM-1
NREM-3
paradoxical sleep
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
NREM-1 sleep.
You Answered NREM-2 sleep.
NREM-3 sleep.
an awake but relaxed state.
NREM-1 sleep
On the Monday after the "spring forward" to daylight savings time, people show a higher-than-normal incidence of
sleep apnea.
narcolepsy.
cyberloafing.
night terrors.
cyberloafing
A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called
narcolepsy.
insomnia.
sleep apnea.
paradoxical sleep.
insomnia
Shelley has not had enough sleep in the past week. She is at an increased risk of having a driving accident because her lack of sleep diminishes her
cortisol levels.
REM rebound.
attentional focus.
hypnagogic sensations.
attentional focus
With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
hypnagogic state.
circadian rhythm.
You Answered alpha wave pattern.
REM rebound.
circadian rhythm
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
cognitive development theory
information-processing theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish-fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares. One of the benefits of these nightmares is that they help
prevent paradoxical sleep.
reduce sleep apnea.
REM rebound.
extinguish daytime fears.
extinguish daytime fears
Gregory suffers from insomnia and is often sleep deprived. Which of the following effects is he NOT likely to experience?
decreased ability to focus attention
You Answered increased risk of hypertension
decrease in hunger-suppressing ghrelin
slower reacti
decrease in hunger-suppressing ghrelin
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
EEGs.
Correct Answer delta waves.
You Answered REM rebound.
alpha waves.
delta waves
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, Jos� enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
be easily awakened.
have slower, more regular breathing.
You Answered emit slower brain waves.
have very relaxed muscles.
have relaxed muscles
Sleep deprivation had been found to ________ metabolic rate and ________ limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food.
increase; enhance
decrease; diminish
increase; diminish
decrease; enhance
decrease; enchance
Alexis most enjoys talking and socializing with friends late in the evening. Her mother, however, is most energized for social interactions about an hour after breakfast. This difference between Alexis and her mother is best explained by the fact that age
circadian rhythm
Sitting up in bed, talking nonsense, and appearing highly distressed during REM-3 sleep is most characteristic of
narcolepsy.
sleep apnea.
night terrors.
You Answered REM rebound.
night terrors
After flying from London to New York, Arthur experienced extra hours of daylight and had a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his
narcolepsy.
circadian rhythm.
hypnagogic sensations.
sleep paralysis.
circadian rhythm
When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of
tolerance.
hallucinations.
reuptake.
withdrawal.
withdrawal
If heavy drinking follows a period of moderate drinking, people may poison themselves with an overdose because the moderate drinking
stimulates their secretion of serotonin.
reduces their body's level of free radicals.
depresses their vomiting response.
i
depresses their vomiting response
Women who have been drinking alcohol become ________ disposed to casual sex, and men who have been drinking become ________ disposed to casual sex.
less; more
more; less
less; less
more; more
more; more
The reckless, aggressive behavior that may follow alcohol consumption best illustrates that alcohol may act as a
methamphetamine.
disinhibitor.
hallucinogen.
stimulant.
disinhibitor
Alcohol consumption is likely to ________ attention to an arousing provocation and ________ attention to normal inhibitions.
decrease; increase
increase; decrease
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
increase; decrease
University men were shown an erotic movie clip. Compared with those who thought they had recently consumed a nonalcoholic beverage, men who believed they had recently consumed an alcoholic beverage were
more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies
more likely to report having strong sexual fantasoes and less likely to report having feelings of guilt
Kara's craving for psychoactive drugs is so strong that she is unable to function at work or maintain important relationships with her family. Kara most clearly shows symptoms of
sensory deprivation.
a near-death experience.
substance use disorder.
dehydr
substance use disorder
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
marijuana; hallucinogen
marijuana; stimulant
cocaine; stimulant
cocaine; hallucinogen
marijuana; hallucinogen
U.S. sixth graders ________ their friends' use of marijuana, and university students ________ their fellow students' enthusiasm for alcohol.
underestimate; overestimate
overestimate; underestimate
underestimate; underestimate
overestimate; overestimate
overestimate; overestimate
Psychoactive drugs influence neurotransmission by stimulating, mimicking, or ________ the activity of neurotransmitters.
synthesizing
inhibiting
intoxicating
dehydrating
inhibiting
Depressants are drugs that
Correct! calm neural activity and slow body functions.
excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
depress neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety.
stimulate the central nervous system.
calm neural activity and slow body functions
Cocaine, amphetamines, Ecstasy, nicotine, and even caffeine are examples of
barbiturates.
opiates.
stimulants.
amphetamines.
stimulant's
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
amphetamines
barbiturates
hallucinogens
You Answered opiates
barbiturates
Morphine and heroin are
amphetamines.
opiates.
hallucinogens.
barbiturates.
opiates
Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
less than one-third of Americans who have ever smoked cigarettes have ever quit.
regular marijuana smokers typically need to take progressively larger doses to feel the same effect.
Correct! many peopl
many people do voluntarily stop using addictive drugs without any treatment
The tendency to perceive a moving light in the night sky as belonging to an airplane rather than a moving meteor best illustrates the impact of
signal detection.
sensory adaptation.
perceptual set.
bottom-up processing.
perceptual set
Subliminally presented stimuli
can sometimes be consciously perceived.
effectively influence purchases of consumer goods.
increase our absolute thresholds for visual images.
are usually mentally processed as completely as any other stimuli.
can sometimes be consciously percieved
After a photo of a nude man or woman was flashed and immediately masked before being perceived, people's attention was unconsciously drawn to images in a way that reflected their
perceptual set.
absolute threshold.
sexual orientation.
You Answered differe
sexual orientation
Shelly is shopping when she runs into a friend from high school. Based on information provided in the text, how long will it take Shelly to recognize her friend?
Correct Answer less than a second
You Answered 2 seconds
30 seconds
almost a minute
less than a second
Photographs of people are rated more positively if they are presented immediately after a subliminally flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of
sensory adaptation.
the just noticeable difference.
priming.
prosopagnosia.
priming
Scary-sounding music accompanied a movie scene in which mountain climbers scaled a steep slope. The fact that the music made the climbing appear more dangerous to viewers illustrates that perceptions are influenced by
emotion.
sensory adaptation.
prosopag
emotion
ter gazing at an angry face, you immediately turn to look at a morphed blend of an angry and a scared face. The face appears scared to you. This best illustrates the impact of
You Answered Weber's law.
Correct Answer sensory adaptation.
subliminal sensati
sensory adaption
While listening to sad rather than happy music, people are more likely to perceive a spoken word as mourning rather than morning. This best illustrates that perception is influenced by
sensory adaptation.
subliminal stimuli.
Weber's law.
Correct! top-down
top down processing
A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with
our psychological reactions to physical stress.
You Answered the effects of heredity on the endocrine system.
the effect of neurotransmitters on depression.
Correct Answer the relationship between th
the relationship between the wavelength of light and the experience of color..
Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in
priming.
perceptual set.
Correct! bottom-up processing.
sensory adaptation.
bottom-up processing
Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates
bottom-up processing.
perceptual set.
sensory adaptation
Weber's law
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage for their difference to be perceived is known as
prosopagnosia.
Correct Answer Weber's law.
You Answered signal detection.
sensory adaptation.
Weber's law
The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the sensory receptors and the nervous system is called
priming.
You Answered sensory adaptation.
top-down processing.
Correct Answer sensation.
sensation
When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of
sensory adaptation.
subliminal sensation.
context effects.
You Answered
context effects
After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of
You Answered difference thresholds.
sensory adaptation.
sublimi
perceptual set
Samantha just lost 40 pounds. What will she experience when walking up the stairs at work?
The stairs will seem difficult to walk up.
She will view the stairs as steep.
You Answered She will be out of breath by the time she gets to the top of the stairs.
The stairs will not seem as steep to her now.
Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of
You Answered bottom-up processing.
Correct Answer context effects.
primin
context effects
If a partially deaf person's hearing ability ________, his or her absolute threshold for sound ________.
You Answered improves; remains unchanged
worsens; decreases
worsens; remains unchanged
Correct Answer improves; decreases
improves; decreases
Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
signal detector.
You Answered sensory adaptation.
Correct Ans
perceptual set
In one study, a pictured woman was perceived by some as balancing a box on her head and by others as sitting under a window. The study best illustrated that perceptions are influenced by
sensory adaptation.
masking stimuli.
context effects.
subliminal sen
context effects
he study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is called
transduction.
signal detection.
Correct! psychophysics.
Weber's law.
psychophysics
A softball may appear smaller to batters who are discouraged by their poor performance than to batters who are hitting well. This best illustrates that perceptions are influenced by
emotion!!!!!
After learning that her new college roommate had experienced several depressive episodes during her high school years, Erin incorrectly perceived her roommate's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of
You Answered difference
perceptual set
Jake's excellent peripheral vision enabled him to detect a brief flash of light far to his left, even though he couldn't recognize what he had seen. His experience best illustrates
top-down processing.
You Answered prosopagnosia.
Correct Answer sensation.
...
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
Correct Answer the survey
You Answered naturalistic observation
the case study
experimentati
the survey
Factors other than those of interest that can potentially influence the results of a study are called
You Answered independent variables.
dependent variables.
Correct Answer confounding variables.
randomly assigned variables.
confounding variables
The illusion that uncontrollable events are correlated with our actions is facilitated by a phenomenon known as
Correct! regression toward the mean.
the correlation coefficient.
random assignment.
replication.
regression toward the mean
To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of
case studies.
Correct! correlational research.
experimentation.
naturalistic observation.
correlational research
A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called
You Answered random sampling.
Correct Answer naturalistic observation.
replication.
the double-blind
naturalistic observation
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two variables
Correct Answer are related.
You Answered are random samples.
influence each other.
are dependent variables.
are related
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates
You Answered naturalistic observation.
the placebo effect.
Correct Answer overconfidence.
random assignment.
overconfidence
Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?
Correct Answer +0.60
+0.01
You Answered -0.10
-0.06
+0.60
A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger
You Answered control group.
scatterplot.
dependent variable.
Correct Answer population.
population
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a
wording effect.
You Answered correlation coefficient.
placebo effect.
Correct Answer confounding variable.
confounding variable
Which of the following is NOT included in the ethics code of the APA for utilizing human participants in research?
Researchers must obtain potential participants' informed consent to participate.
Researchers must keep personal information of participants
Researchers must report the results of individuals participants
To accurately generalize study results, researchers need
You Answered a good population base.
a highly reliable survey.
naturalistic observation.
Correct Answer a representative sample.
a representative sample
Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because
we most readily notice associations t
association does not prove causation
In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the
confounding variable.
dependent variable.
operational definition.
Correct! independent variable.
independent variable
British researchers randomly assigned 424 hospitalized premature infants either to formula feeding or to breast-milk feeding. They found that on intelligence tests taken at the age of 8, those who were breast fed significantly scored higher than those who
experiment
Dr. Jones is studying the effect of room lighting on college students' test performance and has defined room lighting as either dimly lit or brightly lit. This definition is an example of a(n)
theory.
hypothesis.
Correct! operational definition.
hunch.
Qu
...
The self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answers is known as
You Answered a theory.
a prediction.
Correct Answer the scientific method.
an operational definition.
the scientific method
Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates
Correct Answer hind
hindsight bias
Regression toward the mean refers to the tendency for
changes in one factor to predict changes in another factor.
Correct Answer unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events.
pessimistic thinking to trigger episodes of depression.
You Answered a
unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events
To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the ________ of the observed differences.
You Answered mean
median
standard deviation
Correct Answer statistical significance
statistical significance
A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be
a reflection of differences between the populations they represent.
Correct! due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.
observed more than 5 percent of
due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.
Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings
You Answered the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.
t
the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.
In a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 babies in hospital Y, and 25 babies in hospital Z. At which hospital is there the greatest probability that more than 60 percent of the babies are of the same sex?
You Answered hospital X
hospital Y
C
hospital Z
During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is
7.
11.
Correct! 14.
21.
14
The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a(n)
bar graph
Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.
2
Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if
Correct Answer the difference between the samples is large.
the standard deviations of the samples are large.
You Answered both samples are drawn from the same popu
the difference between the samples is large