music final

Decline of Big Band

�It was difficult to staff an 17 member big band
�Due to the War and the economy Dance Halls began to close
�Petroleum and its by products were key to the war effort making travel much more difficult
�Ban on all recording by union members
�A growing artis

Bebop

�Bebop developed as a reaction to the swing era
�Bebop or bop is a style of jazz characterized by fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity and improvisation based on the combination of harmonic structure and melody.
�Showed little concern for the dancing publi

Contrafacts

New melodies composed over chord progressions borrowed from other songs

John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (1917 - 1993)

�was a jazz trumpeter, bandleader, singer, and composer together with Charlie Parker
�Favored big bands
�He was a major figure in the development of bebop and modern jazz.
�He taught and influenced many other musicians, including trumpeter Miles Davis
�He

Charlie Parker (1920 -1955)

�Nicknamed "Yardbird" which simply became "Bird"
�Parker (Bird) was a jazz alto saxophonist and composer
�Charlie Parker was born in Kansas City, Kansas and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, the only child of Charles and Addie Parker.
�Parker's innovative

J.J. Johnson (1924-2001)

�Considered to be the first trombonist to absorb the new harmonic and melodic language fostered by Parker and Gillespie
�Became well known for his arrangements and compositions

Dexter Gordon (1923-1990)

�Known as the first tenor saxophonist to incorporate Bird's bop alto style
�Found working conditions for black jazz artists better in Europe
�Served as an important link between swing style and more modern tenor saxophonists

Sonny Rollins (1930-present)

�Tenor saxophonist
�Developed solos that were based on thematic developments of his improvised ideas

Fats Navarro (1923-1950)

�Trumpeter often doubling on tenor saxophone
�Became a key solo voice and was considered to be the most important new trumpet player on the east coast scene had he not gotten tuberculosis, which led to his early death

'The amazing Bud Powell' (1924-1966)

�Considered the most eminent of bebop pianists
�Known for his incredible right hand technique and sparse left hand comping style that was rhythmically freer than that of earlier pianists
�Poor physical and mental health hampered his career and caused erra

Thelonious Monk (1917 - 1982)

�He is one of only five jazz musicians to be featured on the cover of Time (the other four being Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Wynton Marsalis, and Dave Brubeck).
�was an jazz pianist and composer who
�Monk had a unique improvisational style and made n

Tadd Dameron (1917-1965)

�Pianist and composer began his career as a singer which may explain why he had limited pianistic skills
�Most remembered as a composer and accompanist who never developed a solo style on the level of Bud Powell
�Considered a catalyst for the next generat

Oscar Pettiford (1922-1960)

�First modern bassist to serve as a link between sing era bassists and the more modern demands of bebop
�Remembered for bringing the bass into a more well defined solo role

The Rhythm Section Players

�Drummers used primarily the ride cymbal to maintain pulse rather than the hi-hat and bass drum because of the fast tempos
�The guitar was often omitted from bop rhythm sections
�Bass players still frequently played walking bass lines but some used the ba

Kenny Clarke (1914-1985)

� Considered the true father of the modern bebop style of drumming as well as playing the piano and vibes
� First to disregard the regular use of the bass drum to the more flexible ride cymbal

Max Roach (1924-present)

�Drummer
�Considered the earliest and most fluent member of the modern school of drumming less concerned with mere time keeping and more concerned with a melodic approach to drumming and rhythmically complimenting the tune and soloists

Sarah Vaughan: The 'Devine' One (1924-1990)

�Singer with exceptional four octave range
�Also an accomplished jazz pianist, she was the first vocalist to apply a more advance harmonic approach to her interpretations and improvisations

Cool Jazz

�Cool jazz is a style that emerged which avoided the aggressive tempos of bebop and being more subtle and more romantic.
�Use of instruments not normally associated with jazz like the French horn, tuba, flute
�Very little use of the blues form
�It include

Miles Davis (1926-1991)

�American jazz trumpeter, bandleader and composer
�Widely considered one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century
�He was with his musical groups at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music including cool jazz, hard bob,

Gerry Mulligan (1927-1996)

�Baritone saxophonist, clarinetist, composer, arranger
�Primarily known as one of the leading baritone saxophonists in jazz history-playing the instrument with a light and airy tone in the era of cool jazz
�He was a notable arranger, working with claude t

Chet baker (1929-1988)

�Jazz trumpeter, flugelhorn player and singer
�Specializing in relaxed, even melancholy music, baker rose to prominence as a leading name in cool jazz in the 1950s
�His good looks and smoldering, intimate singing voice established him as a promising name

Dave Brubeck (1920-present)

�Jazz pianist
�Written a number of jazz standards
�Style ranges from refined to bombastic, reflecting his mothers attempts at classical training and his improvisational skills
�His music is known for employing unusual time signatures and super imposing co

Bill Evans (1929-1980)

�Pianist, one of the longtime pianists who served with miles davis' bands
�Revolutionized the jazz trio of piano, bass, and drums
�Locked hands style-varied right hand melodic approach with a more rhythmic, close block chord solo style
�His use of impress

Stan Getz (1927-1991)

�American jazz tenor saxophonist
�Known as 'the sound' because of his warm lyrical tone, his prime influence being the wispy mellow tone of his idol, lester young
�In the 1950s he became popular playing cool jazz with Horace silver
�Became a central figur

Modern Jazz Quartet

�The longest running group in jazz with the fewest personnel changes
�Important black cool jazz group
�Became known for their polished chamber jazz approach
�Were at the center of the third stream movement to bring together elements of jazz and aspects of

Lennie Tristano (1919-1978)

�Blind pianist
�Perhaps the most overlooked and misunderstood artist from this period
�His music was an anomaly in the midst of bebop and cool

Third stream jazz

�Combined elements of both American jazz and European classical music
�Far more structured and organzed that any other style

Hard Bop

�A style of jazz that is an extension of bebop (or bop) music.
�Incorporates influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, especially in the saxophone and piano playing
�Developed in the mid 1950s, partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz that beca

Art Blakey (1919-1990)

�Jazz drummer and bandleader
�Him and pianist Horace silver deserve much credit for establishing fundamental hard bop sound
�For more than 30 years his band the 'jazz messengers' included many young musicians who went on to become prominent names in jazz.

Funky, Soul-jazz

�Style that united jazz with the down-home qualities of the black community and popular music: rhythm and blues, gospel and sanctified, holy-roller music
�Raised the black communities awareness of their cultural heritage

The guitar and organ trios

�These two instruments emerged as powerful forces in jazz during the 1950s and 1960s

Wes Montgomery (1923-1968)

�Generally considered one of the major jazz guitarists, emerging after such seminal figures as Django Reinhardt and Charlie Christian and influencing countless others, including pat martino, george benson and pat metheny
�He often approached solos in thre

Jimmy Smith (1925-2005)

�Started off as a pianist but changed to organs
�Rode the crest of the popular funky-soul wave
�Developed a ferocious right hand and can be recognized by his rapid fire bursts of notes

Clifford Brown (1930-1956)

�Aka Brownie
�Influential and highly rated jazz trumpeter
�Died at age 25, leaving behind only 4 years worth of recordings. Nonetheless, he had a considerable indluence on later jazz trumpet players: lee morgan, Freddie hubbard, wynton Marsalis
�He won th

Postmodernism

�Refers to art that features a mixture of historical styles and new approaches warped through various forms of reinterpretation and purposeful misrepresentation
�The result is considered unconventional and sometimes produces what is considered a parody
�A

Ornette Coleman (1930-present)

�Saxophonist and composer. He was one of the major innovators of free jazz movement of the 1960s
�Best illustrated the postmodern movement
�Free jazz-emphasis on group or collective improvisation
�Colemans timbre is easily recognized: his keening crying s

Charles Mingus- The Underdog (1922-1979)

�One of the most important pioneers and bandleader/composers of the late modern and early postmodern era
�Powerful commanding bassist
�Best known for his work as a composer
�His music reflected roots that ranged from the blues, gospel, hollers and work so

Modal jazz

�Jazz that uses musical modes rather than chord progression as a harmonic framework
�Where entire pieces were based on one or two scales called modes
�In bebop as well as in hard bop, musicians use chords to provide the background for solos. A song starts

Milestones

�Album recorded in february and march 1958 by miles davis
�It is renowned for including mile's first forays into the developing modal jazz experiments, as noticed on the piece 'miles' which would be the central theoretical basis behind 'kind of blue'
�It

Miles Davis Summary

�Was active in seven different styles-bebop, cool, third stream, modal, hard bop, progressive or post-hard bop, and fusion
�Preferred the middle and low resister rather than the extreme high register, though at times spikes and flares into the high regist

Mile's Quintets

�'first great quintet' later became a sextet with john Coltrane, cannonball adderley and bill evans. They brought a new modal approach to hard bop. During this time he often worked with arranger gil evans.
�Eventually Coltrane, adderley, and evans departe

John Coltrane (1926-1967)

�John William 'trane' Coltrane
�Jazz saxophonist and composer
�Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, he helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was the forefront of free jazz
�Was active in three different phases of jazz-

Wayne Shorter (1933-present)

�Saxophonist
�Most unique aspect of his style was his sense of rhythm
�Unusual forms and chord progressions, dictated more by melody and improvisation than functional harmony

Herbie Hancock (1940-present)

�Jazz pianist
�Played in a diverse range of settings from mainstream to pop

Electric Miles (1968-1975)

�Davis's influences included late 1960s acid rock and funk artists such as sly and the family stone, james brown, and jimi Hendrix

'Bitches Brew'

�Studio double album by miles davis
�Released in april 1970 on Columbia records
�Experimentation of electric instruments
�With use of these instruments, electric piano and guitar, davis rejected traditional jazz rhythms in favor of looser, rock-influenced

Fusion

�Also known as jazz fusion or jazz rock
�Musical genre that developed in the late 1960s from a mixture of elements of jazz such as its focus on improvisation with rhythms and grooves of funk and R&B and the beats and heavily amplified electric instruments

Weather Report

�Leader-joe zawinul-keyboard
�Major contributor in jazz fusion for 16 years
�Influential jazz fusion band of the 1970s and early 1980s combining jazz and latin jazz with art music, ethnic music, r&b, funk and rock elements
�Chick corea's group, return to

Herbie Hancock and the Headhunters

�The first recording gave birth to a new brand of funk that combined blues, soul, and earlier black funky jazz roots
�The compositions were African influenced and the members of the band adopted Swahili names
�Continues to be involved with the commercial

John McLaughlin and the Mahavishnu Orchestra

�Guitarist who recruited rick laird (electric bass), jan hammer (keyboard), jerry goodman (electric violin), and billy cobham (drummer)
�Band became known for its odd time signatures, tempo changes, fast tempos and complex passages
�Added electric violin

Chick Corea and Return to Forever

�Was a jazz fusion group founded and led by keyboardist chick corea
�His music during this period shows an infatuation with spanish music and music of latin america, in particular the samba rhythms which most had been commissioned by stan getz
�The group

David Sandborn

�Alto saxophonist
�Represents one of the most influential, soulful and identifiable voices from this era

The Brecker Brothers

�Brecker Brothers Michael and Rrandy have been protagonists in pop and jazz circles
�Captured elements of soul, funk and other black influenced styles

Grover Washington, Jr.

�Tenor saxophonist
�Organ trios were his preference along with R&B groups
�Gained much popularity playing a soulful predecessor of smooth jazz

Chuck Mangione

�Trumpeter/fluegelhornist
�First played hard bop with art blakey and the jazz messengers
�Later became better known for his easy listening flugelhorn hits
�Listeners familiar with the lyrical, catchy melodies, pleasing harmonies and memorable latin inspir

Steps Ahead

�The band performed a uniquely original repertoire that had a post bop edge, fusing elements of the tradition with a hip, current sound using primarily acoustic instruments and embracing latin and jazz rock fusion styles
�Over time and with personnel chan

John Scofield

�Jazz guitarist and composer, who has played and collaborated with miles davis, joe Henderson, Charles mingus, herbie hancock, pat metheny, jaco pastorius, john mayer, and many others
�At ease in the bebop idiom, scofield is also well versed in jazz fusio

Michael Brecker

�Jazz saxophonist and composer. Acknowledged as 'a quiet, gentle musician widely regarded as the most influential tenor saxophonist since john coltrane'
�He was awarded 15 grammy awards as both performer and composer and was inducted into down beat's jazz

Pat metheny

�Guitarist and composer
�One of the most successful and critically acclaimed jazz musicians to come to prominence in the 1970s and 80s
�He is the leader of the pat metheny group and is involved in duets, solo works and other side projects
�His style incor