Claude Debussy
(1862-1918), French composer, associated with impressionism in music, attempts to emulate the same effect in music, when using a large orchestra-> sound is transparent, small patches of color, parallel movement, influenced by new scales & world music
Arnold Schoenberg
1874- 1951) Austrian composer, "Second school of vienesse composers", Mozart and Haydn are the 1st school (balance, symmetry etc.) Shoenberg & followers wanted to take music to the next logical state -> Atonality
Igor Stravinsky
(1882-1971) Russian composer, career in Paris& US, a musical chameleon- able to write convincingly in variety of styles, compositional career spans tonal & atonal music
B�la Bart�k
(1881-1945) Hungarian composer, his harmony can be bitingly dissonant and polytonality abounds in his work
Charles Ives
(1874-1954) American composer, nationalist & patriotic, father was a brass band leader, highly musically educated, encouraged to experiment with music, he became a insurance businessman, his music is mostly programmatic, makes extensive use of musical quo
William Grant Still
(1895-1978) an American nationalist composer, African American composer associated with the Harlem Renaissance- 1920s & 1930s: a flowering of AA arts & culture originating in Harlem NY, Still's music infuses elements of spirituals, blues, & Jazz
Aaron Copland
(1900-1990) American composer, 1st American composer to pursue compositional studies in France, studied with Nadia Boulanger- encouraged Copland to find influence in the indigenous& folk music of the US, 1940s compositional style reflects simplicity in mu
Nadia Boulanger
Was the teacher of Aaron Copland, encouraged Copland to find influence in the indigenous & folk music of the US
Scott Joplin
(1868-1917) Ragtime King, Standardized ragtime form: AABBACCDD, "Maple Leaf Rag
Louis Armstrong
Key figure of New Orleans Jazz= small combo (trumpet, clarinet, trombone, rhythm section) collective improvisation- 12 bar blues harmony; Armstrong- "Heebie Jeebies
Duke Ellington
Key figure or Swing/ Big Band Era
Dizzy Gillespie & Charlie Parker
Key figures of Bebop, Gillespie: "Salt Peanuts" (1943) use instruments to sing "sing peanuts
Miles Davis
Key figure of cool jazz, established cool jazz, leading figure in other styles, ex. "Jeru" from Birth of the Cool (1957, album released)
John Coltrane
(1926-1967) Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and was later at the forefront of free jazz
John Williams
Revives the orchestral score in the 1980s, utilizes the leitmotif technique, applies thematic development (music changes as character changes or grows), ex. Williams: "Raider's March
John Cage
1912-1992) American composer, Philosophy of music: Music is everywhere & anything can be used to make music
John Adams
1947) American composer, leading post-minimalist composer
Modernism
breaking away from the influences of the past, highly experimental, explored innovative forms and musical styles, new scales beyond major & minor
Atonality
music w/ out a tonic (home pitch), all pitches created equally, consonances & dissonances no longer exist (emancipation of dissonance), works well for vocal works, less successful in instrumental works
Emancipation of dissonance
coined by Arnold Schoenberg, dissonances free to resolve (or not resolve) where ever they want, consonance & dissonance no longer exists
Pentatonic scale
not a "new" scale, 5 pitches, found in folk music throughout the world
Whole-tone scale
6 note scale, dreamy character
Octatonic scale
7 note scale
Impressionism
a movement in visual arts, began in France in 1860s, impressionist (visual arts) denied realism & expresses only the suggestion; very subjective, capture a single moment in time, play on light shadows & reflection, subject is not clear but ambiguous
Expressionism
the exploration of extreme emotions, artist intrigued by subconscious mind, dark & disturbed/ unsetting & distorted
Serialism: Twelve-tone method
uses 12 pitches to form the melodi & harmonic foundation
Sprechstimme ("speech-song")
vocal technique used in Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire
Primitivism
interest/ influence of non-western cultures, musically depicted through harsh dissonancs, pounding rhythms, ostinato patterns, folk music quotations
Nationalism in music
Having pride in your country through music
Ethnomusicology
comparative study of world music
Modernism
breaking away from influences in the past
Tin Pan Alley
(1950s) popular music industry in NY from 19th century
Ragtime
(1890s-1910s) piano players art, steady left hand, synced right hand, Afro American European traits
Blues
rural blues- man with guitar; city blues- female with jazz musicians
New Orleans-style Jazz
(1920s) small combo, collective improv., 12 bar blues
Blue note
pitches that drop slightly
Scat singing
do do do beep bop bop bop, good ex. = Louis Armstrong
Swing/ Big Band
(1935-1945) mass exodus to Chicago & points east, more instruments added: 8-20 musicians, Elevates Jazz -collective improvisation not possible, highly arranged music, very little (if any) improvisation, key figures: Duke Ellington, Count Basic, Benny Good
Bebop
(1940s) after hours jazz clubs in NYC, small combos, high level of virtuosity & improvisation, fast, jugged melodies, intended for jazz connoisseurs, chromaticism, turns jazz into an art form, Key figures: Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie
Cool Jazz
(1950s) Small combos, Improvisation, but focused on group as opposed to virtuosity, unhurried style, cool, laid back -> opposite of Behop, Key figure: Miles Davis (established cool jazz, leading figure in other styles
Third Stream
combination of jazz & classical idioms; burrows classical forms -term coined in 1957 by Gunther Schuller, Wynton Marsalis: "Blood of the fields" (1996) jazz oratorio, about couple moving to freedom
Avant-garde Jazz
a free style jazz, was of height of Civil Rights movement -consciously breaks rules of music, key figures: ornette colemon (Free Jazz 1961) John Coltrane - Coltrane: "Acknowledgement" from A Love Supreme (1965)
Source music
Musical is coming from a logical source: rock band, radio, etc. -characters can her the music, -ex: Jack Rabbit Slim dance scene in "Pulp Fiction
Underscoring
the music is for the audiences benefit, establishes mood and atmosphere, the characters cannot hear the music, Ex. I'm flying scene from "Titanic
Rock and Roll
1950s, A blend of country & western and rhythm & blues, 12 bar blues harmonic formula, strong rhythm and emphasis on the backbeat, ex. Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley
Rhythms and Blues
1940s-1960s: solo singer with small instrumental accompaniment
Hip hop
Art (graffiti), Technology (DJing), Music (rap), Dance (break-dancing)
Rap
Rap: 1970s New York, MC rhymes rhythmically over DJ's beats, rhymes about boasting, ex. Run DMC; Gangsta Rap: 1990s Compton, California, grap
Grunge rock
early 1990s, Seattle, Washington, a hybrid of 1970s punk and heavy metal, Nirvana, Pearl Jam
Postmodernism
Post WWII, embraces tradition, present& future, new sound materials: Acoustic (used in non-traditional ways), Electronic (manipulation of recorded sounds)
Aleatoric/ chance music
aspects of the work are left up to choice or chance
Prepared piano
invented by Cage, modified by inserting various materials into the piano
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (1983), a communication protocol allowing synthesizers to communicate with each other, but also with computers, drum machines, mixing boards, software allows composer to record MIDI data (pitch, duration, dynamics, etc
Musique concrete
natural sounds manipulated on tape
Neoromanticism
- eclectric, musical vocabulary is Post- Romantic (tonal, emotional, lyrical, lush, etc)
Minimalism
emerged in 1970s, also called "trance music", a fragment of music is repeated numerous times with very little variation, a popular listener-friendly style of art music
Post-Minimalism
an offshoot of minimalism, a fragment of music is repeated numerous times, but it will eventually go out of synch
Debussy: Prelude to "The Afterrnoon of the faun
Lyrical, sinuous melody; chromatic at opening and closing; free-flowing rhythms, sense of floating, lacks pulse, middle section more animated; use of "blue" chords, with lowered thirds; homophonic, light and airy; ABA structure, evocative mood, sensual; r
Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire, no. 18
Disjunct line, quasi-speechlike (sprechstimme); very fast, sounds free-flowing; harshly dissonant; complex counterpoint with canonic (strict imitative) treatment; rondeau text with poetic/ musical refrain; pointillistic, flickering instrumental effects; v
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring: part I, excerpts
Ball commissioned by Diahilev for Ballet Russes, very controversial -> about human sacrifice, cave man/ tribal costumes, primitivism music (harsh dissonance)
Ives, Country Band March
Forceful march theme, over which many well-known tunes occur, main march returns throughout; mostly duple, but with syncopation and triplets that disguise meter; harshly dissonant, polytonal; sectional (A-B-A-B'-A'); humorous, realism of amateur bands, no
Copland: Appalachian Spring, excerpts
Rising motive quietly unfolds, outlines a triad; very slow, tranquil, changing meter is imperceptible; overlapping of chords produces gentle dissonance; individual instruments featured; introduces the characters, evokes broad landscape at daybreak; theme
Joplin: Maple Leaf Rag
catchy syncopated melodies, disjunct; marchlike duple meter, syncopated in right hand, steady beat in bass; major key, shifts to new key in C section, decorative rolled chords; homophonic, chordal accompaniment to melody; sectional dance form, 4 sections
Strayhorn/ Ellington: Take the A Train
Disjunct, syncopated themes with call-and-response exchanges between instruments; broad quadruple meter, at moderate tempo, syncopate rhythms, short riffs; complex, advanced harmonies, chromatic, modulates to another key, 32-bar pop song form AABA for eac
Cage: Sonata V
Irregular phrases, small-range, undulating chromatic line, 2nd section more disjunct; opening with regular movement, then changing rhythmic flow, seemingly without a clear meter; minimal sense of harmony, dissonant ending; focus on linear movement; binary
Higdon: blue cathedral, excerpt
Neo-romantic, symphonic poem, lyrical lines, tonal, homophonic expressive & transcendent, large orchestra, emphasis on single lines & duets (flute: Higdon, Clarinet: her brother)
Adams: Dr. Atomic, excerpt
Short, choppy phrases with declaimed text, much repetition of ideas, syncopated with many offbeat accents; sharply dissonant; verse/refrain structure with repeated sections and text; fiery mood, mysterious electronic sounds; prominent timpani and brass; c