an interval
The distance in pitch between any two tones is called
octave
When two different tones blend so well when sounded together that they almost seem to merge into one tone, the interval is called a(n)
dynamic accent
t emphasizes a tone by playing it more loudly than the tones around it
tone color
, the unique sound of various instruments and voices.Timbre
pianissimo, forte, fortissimo
The Italian dynamic marking traditionally used to indicate very soft, loud, and very loud are (respectively)
soft
piano
frequency
The pitch of a sound is decided by the _______of its vibrations
tone
In music, a sound that has a definite pitch is called a
reed
A thin piece of cane, used singly or in pairs by woodwind players, is called a
mute
A piece of wood or plastic that brass players use to alter the tone of their instruments is called a
were originally made of wood
Woodwind instruments are so named because they
harmonics
The very high-pitched tones that are produced when a string player lightly touches certain points on a string are called
time
Rhythm is the ordered flow of music through
an accent
When individual notes are stressed by being played louder or longer than surrounding notes the are said to have
allegretto
Which of the following tempo indications is the slowest: allegro, allegretto, vivace, presto?
notation
A system of writing music is known as
half
Adding a dot to a note increases its duration by
time signature
The meter of a piece is shown by its
dominant chord
The triad built on the fifth step of the scale is called the
Ternary
as statement, contrast, return; or A B A; or A B A'
continuous
Changes in musical style from one historical period to the next are usually
monophonic
The texture of a single melodic line without accompaniment is
polyphonic
When two or more melodic lines of equal interest are performed simultaneously, the texture is
polyphonic texture
Contrapuntal texture is sometimes used in place of the term
melody
A series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole is called a
climax
The emotional focal point of a melody is called the
sequence
The repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch is called a
cadence
A resting place at the end of a phrase is called a
phrase
A shorter part of a melody is called a
in a smooth, connected style
Legato refers to playing or singing a melody
theme
A melody that serves as the starting point for a more extended piece of music is called a
adjacent scale tones
A melody is said to move by steps if it moves by
staccato
A short, detached style of playing a melody is known as
moderately soft.
mezzo piano
moderatly loud
mezzo forte
very loudly
fortissimo
conjunct
Smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals doesnt skip over notes
disjunct
Disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps. skips over notes
staccato
short and detached
legato
smooth, connected
phrase
group of notes
sharp
raised in pitch by one chromatic semitone
flat
lowered in pitch by one chromatic semitone
natural
a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat
accelerando
gradually faster
rhythm
a pattern of beats
mouthpiece
a detachable portion of a brass instrument into which the player blows
tuba
the lowest brass wind instrument
trombone
Tenor-range brass instrument that changes pitch by means of a movable double slide; there is also a bass version., tenor; large trumpet; original name = sackbut
trumpet
highest pitched brass instrument.
bell
the flared opening of a tubular device
bow
a stroke with a curved piece of wood with taut horsehair strands that is used in playing stringed instruments
violin
bowed stringed instrument that is the highest member of the violin family
viola
a bowed stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower
bass
the largest, lowest-sounding stringed instrument in an orchestra or band
cello
2nd lowest pitch sounding instrument bigger than Viola
rest
a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration
plectrum
This is another name for the device used by the musician to "pick" the strings.
A melodic phrase ending that sets up expectations for continuation is known as a(n)
incomplete cadence.
A shorter part of a melody is called a
phrase.
Legato refers to playing or singing a melody
in a smooth, connected style.
Resolution refers to a
dissonant chord moving to a consonant chord.
What does Harmony add?
it adds support, depth, and richness to a melody.
When the individual tones of a chord are sounded one after another instead of simultaneously, it is called a broken chord or
arpeggio.
A combination of tones that is considered unstable and tense is called a
dissonance.
Traditionally, a composition would almost always end on a
tonic chord.
timbre
tone color; quality of sound
dynamics
degrees of loudness and softness in music; intensity of sound
pitch
relative highness or lowness of a sound; frequency of vibrations
interval
distance in pitch between any two notes
harmony
how chords are constructed and follow each other
chord
combination of three or more tones sounded at the same time
syncopation
placing a accent in music where it would not normally be expected
trumpet (family)
brass
saxophone (family)
woodwinds
cello (family)
strings
english horn (family)
woodwinds
vibraphone (family)
percussion
trombone (family)
brass
violin (family)
strings
oboe (family)
woodwinds
timpani (family)
percussion
bassoon (family)
woodwinds
crescendo
gradual increase in loudness
pizzicato
plucking strings of a string instrument instead of using a bow
contrabassoon
lowest instrument in the orchestra
register
a part of an instruments total range
piccolo
highest woodwind instrument
resolution
dissonant chord moving to a consonant chord
key
a central tone, chord, and scale
round
strict imitation
Timbre is synonymous with what?
Tone Color
Degrees of loudness and softness in music are called?
dynamics
The relative highness and lowness of a sound is called?
pitch
The distance between the lowest and highest tones a voice or instrument can produce is called
pitch range
The Italian dynamic markings traditionally used to indicate very soft, loud, and very loud are?
pianissmo, forte,fortissimo
The pitch of a sound is decided by the ______ of its vibrations?
frequency
The distance in pitch between any two tones is called
an interval
When two different tones blend so well when sounded together that they almost seem to merge into one tone, the interval is called an?
octave
The frequency of vibrations is measured in
cycles per second
In music, a sound that has a definite pitch is called a
tone
In general, the smaller the vibrating element, the ____its pitch.
higher
A thin piece of cane, used singly or in pairs by woodwind players, is called
reed
The lowest instruments in the orchestra is the
contrabassoon
________ are systems of electronic components that generate, modify and control sound.
synthesizers
A part of an instrument's total range is called a
register
It is difficult to sing well because ________ than in speaking.
singing demands a greater supply and control of breath, wider ranges of pitch and volume are used also vowel sounds are held longer
The bow that string players usually use to produce sound on their instruments is a slightly curved stick strung tightly with
horsehair
If a string player uses vibrato--rocking of the left hand to produce a small pitch fluctuations--it is because
using vibrato makes the tone warmer and more expressive
Symphonic bands differ from symphonic orchestras in that they
do not contain a string section
A hollow, funnel-shaped piece of wood or plastic that brass players use to alter the tone of their instruments is called
mute
Woodwind instruments are so named because they
were originally made of wood
The range of a singers voice depends on
training and physical makeup
The very high-pitched tones that are produced when a string player lightly touches certain points on a string are called
Harmonics
The main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950s was the
tape studio
aerophones
musical instruments whose sound generator is a column of air
chordophones
musical instruments whose sound generator is a stretched string
idiophones
musical instruments whose own material is the sound generator
electrophones
musical instruments generating their sounds by means of electricity
membranophones
musical instruments whose sound generator is stretched skin or other membrane
first, or stressed, beat of the measure
downbeat
organization of beats into regular groupings
meter
putting an accent in music where it would be not normally expected
syncopation
unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat
upbeat
andante
moderately slow, walking pace
molto
much
non troppo
not too fast
prestissimo
as fast as possible
ritardando
gradual slowing down of tempo
vivace
lively
A melodic phrase ending that sets up expectations for continuation is known as
incomplete cadence
A series of single tones which add to a recognizable whole is called a
melody
The emotional focus point of a melody is called the
climax
The repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch is called the
sequence
A part of a melody is called a
phrase
Legato refers to playing or singing a melody in what way?
in a smooth, connected style
A melody that serves as the starting point for a more extended piece of music called a
theme
A melody is said to move by steps if it moves by
adjacent scale tones
The triad built on the fifth step of the scale is called the
dominant chord
Resolution refers to an
dissonant chord moving to a consonant chord
_______ in music adds support, depth, and richness to a melody
harmony
When the individual tones of a chord are sounded one after another instead of simultaneously it is called a broken chord or
dissonance
Traditionally, a composition would almost always end on a_____ chord
tonic chord
Another term for key is
tonality
In traditional western music, the ______ is the smallest interval between successive tone of a scale
half step
The central tone around which a musical composition is organized is called the
tonic
A round is an example of
strict imitation
When there is one main melody accompanied by chords, the texture is
homophonic
Performance of a single melodic line by more than one instrument or voice is described as playing or singing in
unison
When two or more melodies of equal interest are performed simultaneously, the texture is
polyphonic
Contrapuntal Texture is sometimes used in place of the term
polyphonic texture
Retaining some feature of musical idea while changing others is called
variation
Three-part form can be represented as
ABA, ABA', statment contrast return
The organization of musical ideas in time is called
form
The form consisting of musical statement followed by counterstatment would be called
binary
The concertmaster in a modern orchestra does what?
is the principal first violinist, sits at the conductor's immediate left and performs a solo
Before the nineteenth century, the time beat was
given by the first violinist, the keyboard player or both
What is a good example of a change in musical style?
The major and minor scales were the basic scales of western music from the 1600's to the 1900's, but in the twentieth century many composers abandoned tonality
Changes in musical style from one historical period to the next are usually
continuous
Why do we know little about the music of very ancient civilizations?
hardly any notated music has survived from these cultures
What are the two types of form?
polyphonic and homophonic
measure
unit or group containing a fixed number of beats
meter
organization of beats into regular groupings
accent
stress or emphasis on a note
sycopation
putting an accent in music where it would not normally be expected
tempo
rate of speed of the beat of the music
upbeat
unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat
downbeat
first, or stressed, beat of the measure
beat
regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into units of time
metronome
device that produces ticking sound or pulse of light at any desired musical speed
incomplete cadence
An ending to a melodic phrase that sets up expectations for continuation is known as a(n)
phrases
A melody is made up of shorter parts called
small intervals of adjacent scale tones
A melody is said to move by steps if it features
a chord
A combination of three or more tones sounded at the same time is called
the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other
Harmony refers to
dominant
A triad built on the fifth step of the scale is called the __________ chord
dissonant chord moving to a consonant chord
Resolution refers to a
arpeggio
When the individual tones of a chord are sounded one after another instead of simultaneously,
it is called a broken chord or a(n)
dissonance
A combination of tones that is considered unstable and tense is called a
tonic chord
Traditionally, a composition would almost always end on a
progression
A series of chords is called a(n)
consonance
A combination of tones that is considered stable and restful is called
tonality
Another term for key is
a central tone, scale, and chord
Key refers to
half step
In traditional western music, the ______ is the smallest interval between successive tones of a scale
modulation
A shift from one key to another within the same composition is called
tonic
The central key around which a musical composition is organized is called the _________ key.
how many different layers of sound are heard at the same time.
what kind of layers of sound are heard (melody or harmony).
how layers of sound are related to each other
Musical texture refers to
imitation
When a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument and then restated immediately by another voice or instrument,
the technique is called
strict imitation
A round is an example of
homophonic
When there is one main melody accompanied by chords, the texture is
unison
Performance of a single melodic line by more than one instrument or voice is described as playing or singing in
counterpoint
The technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole is called
A folksinger accompanied by a guitar
Which of the following could be an example of homophonic texture?
variation
Retaining some features of a musical idea while changing others is called
A B A
A B A'
statement, contrast, return
Three-part form can be represented as
form
The organization of musical ideas in time is called
helps engrave a melody in a listener's memory
Repetition is a technique widely used in music because it
binary
The form consisting of a musical statement followed by a counter statement would be called
Music (information)
Important role in society. Recorded music 20th century inovation. Live performances provide special entertainment.
Evaluating Music
Subjective elements. Background music vs. alert, active listening. Perceptive listening enhances enjoyment. Knowledge of music elements enhances perception.
Sound
Is everywhere. Can be pleasant or unpleasant. Humans can focus or ignore sounds.
How sound works
Object vibrates. Vibrations transmitted through a medium (air). Eardrums vibrate, impulses sent to brain for processing.
Music (definition)
Art based on organization of sounds in time.
Four main properties of musical sounds
Pitch, Tone color, Dynamics, and Duration
How pitch determined?
by frequency of vibration (fast vibration= high pitch, slow vibration= low pitch). In general, smaller vibrating object= higher pitches
What is sound with definite pitch?
Tone
Tone
Have specific frequencies. For example, 440 cycles (vibrations) per second= a irregular vibration create sounds with indefinite pitch.
Interval
Distance between two tones. Octave: doubling/ halving of frequency; blends well. Western music divides octave into 12 tones.
Range (pitch range); definition
Distance between voice or instrument's highest or lowest possible tones.
What can range do?
Can help create mood.
High pitches
Make a dance lighter.
Low pitches
Intensify sadness of funeral march.
Steady rise of pitch
Increase musical tension
Dynamics (definition)
Relative loudness of sound
Dynamics (information)
Related to amplitude of vibration producing sound. Sudden or gradual dynamic changes made by individual instruments or instrumentation changes. Change of dynamics can add spirit and mood.
Increase in loudness (dynamics)
Excitement/intensity.
Decrease in loudness (dynamics)
calm.
Accent
Tone played louder than those near it.
Italian terms are used to indicate what?
Dynamics.
Dynamics are
Relative.
Extremes
ppp, pppp, fff, ffff.
Crescendo
Gradually louder.
Decrescendo (diminuendo)
Gradually softer.
pianissimo
pp; very soft.
piano
p; soft.
mezzo piano
mp; modertly soft.
mezzo forte
mf; modertly loud.
forte
f; loud.
fortissimo
ff; very loud.
Tone color (timbre)
Quality that distinguishes a voice or instrument from another. Can be bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, etc. Changes create variety and contrast. It builds continuity. Unlimited variety of this blends existing timbre create new ones.
Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
Voices have ability to fuse words and musical tones. Voice range is based on physical make-up and training. Voice music frequently performed with instrumental accompaniment.
Voice classification (Female)
Soprano (highest), Mezzo-soprano, and Alto (lowest).
Voice Classification (Male)
Tenor (highest), Baritone, and Bass (lowest).
Musical Instruments
Mechanisms (other than the voice) that produces musical sounds. Made in different sizes for range. Tone colors vary with the register. Provide entertainment; used for accompainment. Popularity rises and falls with changing musical tastes.
Western instruments
Six broad categories. String, percussion, woodwind, keyboard, brass, and electronics.
String Instruments
Sound produced by vibrating a tight cable (the longer the string, the lower the pitch.)
Ochestral bowed instruments
Violin, viola, cello (violoncello), and bass (double bass)
Common playing techniques (string instruments)
Pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, double stop, mute, and harmonies.
Some string instruments not played with bow
Guitar and harp use plectrum (small wedge-pick)
Woodwind instruments
Traditionally, they are made of wood. 2oth century, metal and plastic become common. Longer tube= lower pitch (Holes along instrument lengthen tube.) They are single note instruments. Sound produced by player blowing air ("whistle" mouthpiece; single reed; double reed.
Flute family
Piccolo and flute
Clarinet family
Clarinet and bass clarinet
Oboe family
Oboe and english horn
Bassoon family
Bassoon and contrabassoon
Saxophone
Single reed instrument, common in jazz/concert bands.
Saxophone types
Soprano, tenor, alto, and baritone.
Brass instruments
Sound produced by blowing into mouthpiece (vibration of player's lips produce sound. Sound exit through flared end (bell)) Pitch changed in two ways (pressure of player's lips and/or lengthening instrument with slide or valves.) Tone color altered by inserting mute into bell. Can provide power and emphasis
Ochestral brasses (high to low)
Trumpet, french horn, trombone, and tuba.
Other brass instruments
Cornet, baritone horn, euphonium used in concert/marching bands.
Percussion instruments
Sound (generally) produced by striking, shaking, or rubbing the instrument (mebrane, pieces of wood or metal vibrate.) Percussionists play many different instruments. Traditionally emphasize rhythm. In 20th century, greater use of percussion. Definite pitch percussions produce tones. Indefinite pitch percussion produce noise-like sounds.
Keyboard instruments
Use piano type keyboard for control. Capable of several notes at once.
Piano
Created ~1700; refined through ~1850. Sound created when felt hammer strikes tight string; 88 keys; pedals affect sounds.
Harpsichord
Important instrument ~1500 through ~1775. Sound created by small wedges plucking string.
Pipe organs
Most prominent ~1600 to ~1750. Sound created by air directed to pipes. Wide range of pitch, dynamics, tone color.
Electronic Instruments
Produce or amplify sound using electronics. Invented ~1904; significant in 1950s (tape studio.) 1960s- Synthesizers. 1980s- MIDI. 1990s- Advanced~ sampling technology. Modern technology blurs line between instruments, computers, recording, hybrid devices.
Rhythm
Flow of music through time. Particular arrangement of note lengths in music.
Beat (Pulse)
recurrent pulsation, divides music into equal units of time (can be powerful or subtle. Forms background where notes or different lengths are placed.)
Measure (meter)
group containing a fixed number of beats.
Duple meter
Measure has 2 beats
Downbeat
first or stressed
Triple meter
measure has 3 beats (waltzes)
Quadruple meter
measure has 4 beats
Upbeat
Unaccented pulse preceding downbeat
Quintuple/sextuple/septuple
5/6/7 beats/measure
Accent and Syncopation
Accent not is emphasized
Syncopation
Emphasis is placed on unexpected note or beat ("offbeat")
Tempo
Speed of beat, the pace. Associated with emotional effect (fast tempo= energy, drive, excitement. Slow tempo= solemn, lyrical, calm mood.) Usually indicated at beginning of the piece in Italian.
largo
very slow, broad
adagio
slow
moderato
moderate
allegro
fast
presto
very fast
Qualifying words added to tempo to be more specific
molto (much)-----allegro molto (very fast). non troppo (not too much-----allegro non troppo (not too fast).
Accelerando
tempo gradually gets faster
Ritardando
tempo gradually gets slower
Tempo is?
Relative and approximate.
Metronome
indicate exact tempo in beats per minute
Music notation
specific pitches and rhythms can be communicated
Notating pitch
Letter names: A B C D E F G. Twelve pitches of the octave in relation to piano keyboard.
staff
set of 5 horizontal lines
clef
placed on staff to decline pitch of lines/spaces
Notating rhythm
notation indicates length of tone in relation to other tones in the piece
Notating silence (rests)
rests indicate duration of silence
Notating meter
Time signiture indicates the meter (appears at beginning or when changed) Top number: how many beats per measure. Bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat.
Melody
A series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole. Steps (adjacent) vs. leaps.
Climax
emotional focal point.
Legato
Smooth/connected
Staccato
short/detached
Phrase
Part of a melody. Analyzing music: lowercase (a, b, etc.) for short sections capital letters (A, B, etc.) for longer sections.
2 phrases (differ significantly)
a b
2 phrases (exact repeat)
a a
2 phrases (varied repition)
a a`
Sequence
Repition of melodic pattern at different pitch levels
Theme
Melody that serves as starting point for extended piece of music.
Harmony
The way chords are constructed and how they follow each other.
Chord
3 or more notes sounded at once.
Chord progression
a specific series of chords
Consonance
Stable, restful chords
Dissonance
Unstable, tense chords (degress of dissonance, consonance)
Resolution
Movement away from dissonance
The Triad
Most basic chord (3 notes). Triad built on 1st scale note called tonic chord (main chord of a piece, most stable/restful chord, conclusive.) Built on 5th scale note called dominant chord (unstable, tense chord, strong pull to tonic chord)
Cadence
Progression giving sense of conclusion. Example dominant chord to tonic chord.
Broken chords (Arpeggios)
Chord tones sounded in series.
Key (tonality)
Central note, chord, scale within a piece
Scales
Series of pitches arranged in order from high to low or low to high.
Half-step
smallest interval tradition used in western music.
Whole-step
twice as large as half step
Major key
Piece based on major scales (bright, happy sound)
Minor key
Piece based on minor scales (Dark, sad sound)
Key signature
Sharp or flat signs following the clef sign at the beginning of a piece that indicates the key.
Chromatic scale
Includes all twelve notes within the active. Each note is half step apart. Does not define a key.
Modulation (definition)
Change of key
Modulation (information)
Provides contrast within longer piece. New central tone, chord, scale.
Tone key (defintion)
main key of a piece
Tone key (information)
Modulations away usually return to tonic key. Return usually occurs near end of piece. Creates feeling of conclusion.
Musical texture
Layering of sound, how layers relate.
Monophonic texture
Single, unaccompanied melody. Unison creates fuller, richer-sounding monophonic texture.
Polyphonic texture
Two or more equally important melodies sounding-simutaneously.
Counterpoint
Technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole.
Imitation
Melodic idea presented and then restated immediately by another.
Homphonic Texture
One melody with chordal accompaniment
Musical Texture
Changes in texture. Within a piece, creates variety and contrast.
Musical form
Organization of musical elements in time
Techniques that create musical form
Repition, contrast, and variation
Repition
Creates sense of unity
Contrast
Provides variety
Variation
Gives both unity and variety. Keep some elements of musical thought while changing others.
Types of musical form (3 pt.)
Three-part (Ternary) Form: ABA. Statement (A), contrast (B), return (A). Sections can be subdivided.
Types of musical part (2 pt.)
Two-part (Binary) Form: A B. Statement (A), Counterstatement (B). Repition common: AAB, ABB, AABB
Musical Style
Style is characterisitic way of using melody, rhythm, tone color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form.
Different styles in music
Individual composer, country, group of composers, period in history
Style change in continuous
Function of music, shaped by political, economic, social, intellectual developments
Music (history)
Pictorial evidence in Eqypt as early as 3000 B.C. Important role in Ancient Israel, Greece, Rome. Hardly any notated music has survived from ancient civilization
Western Art music divided into?
7 periods. Middle Ages (450-1450), Renaissance (1450-1600), Baroque (1600-1750), Classical (1750-1820), Romantic (1820-1900), 20th century to 1945, and 1945 to present.
Music can be defined as
an art based on the organization of sounds in time
The four main properties of musical sounds are pitch, dynamics, tone color and
duration
The relative highness or lowness of a sound is called
pitch
In general, the smaller the vibrating element, the _____ its pitch
higher
A tone in music is a sound that
has a definitive pitch
Dynamics in music refers to
degrees of loudness and softness
A dynamic accent occurs in music when a performer
emphasizes a tone by playing it more loudly than the tones around it
A gradual increase in loudness is known as a
crescendo
A gradual decrease in loudness is known a
diminuendo
The range of a singer's voice depends on
training and physical make up
The strings of a violin are tuned
by tightening or loosening the pegs
Plucking the string with the finger instead of using a bow is called
pizzicato
If a string player uses vibrato rocking of the left hand to produce small pitch fluctuations it is because
using vibrato makes the tone warmer and more expressive
The highest woodwind instrument in the orchestra is the
piccolo
The lowest instrument in the orchestra is the
tuba and contrabassoon
The vibrations of the brass instruments come from
the musicians lips
A hollow, funnel shaped piece of wood or plastic that brass players use to alter the tone of their instruments is called a
mute
The _____ are the only orchestral drums of definitive pitch
timpani
The piano has _____ keys, spanning more than 7 octaves
88
The ____ has strings that are plucked by a set of plastic, leather, or quill wedges.
harpsichord
The _____ has many sets of pipes controlled from several keyboards, including a pedal keyboard.
pipe organ
The _____ is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time
beat
The element of music defined as the ordered flow of music through time, or more specifically, the particular arrangement of note lengths in a piece of music, is
rhythm
The organization of beats into regular groupings is called
meter
The first, or stressed, beat of a measure is known as the
downbeat
Flexibility of the beat is called
rubato
When an accent occurs on an unexpected beat, the effect is known as
syncopation
The term ______ refers to the rate of speed of the beat of the music
tempo
A gradual slowing-down of tempo is indicated by the term
ritardando
A staff is a
set of five horizontal lines
Western music uses ______ letters of the alphabet to indicate pitch
The first seven
A series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole is called a
melody
The emotional focal point of a melody is called the
climax
A short, detached style of playing a melody is known as
staccato
A smooth, connected style of playing a melody is known as
legato
A part of melody is called a
phrase
The repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch is called a
sequence
A resting place at the end of a phrase is called a
cadence
A melody that serves as the starting point for a more extended piece of music is called a
theme
______ in music adds support, depth, and richness to a melody.
harmony
Harmony refers to
the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other
A combination of three or more tones sounded at the same time is called
a chord
A series of chords is called a
progression
A combination of tones that is considered stable and restful is called a
consonance
When a dissonance moves to a consonance, it is called a
resolution
Key refers to
a central tone, scale, and chord
The sense of relatedness to a central tone is known as
tonality
Tonality is another term for
key
The word chromatic comes from the Greek word chroma, color, and is used in music to refer to the
twelve tones of the octave
A shift from one key to another within the same composition is called
modulation
Musical texture refers to
how many different layers of sound are heard at the same time, what kind of layers of sound are heard (melody or harmony), and how layers of sound are related to each other
The texture of a single melodic line without accompaniment is
monophonic
When two or more melodic lines of equal interest are performed simultaneously, the texture is
polyphonic
The technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole is called
counterpoint
When a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument and then restated immediately by another voice or instrument, the technique is called
imitation
When there is one main melody accompanied by chords, the texture is called
homophonic
An example of homophonic texture could be a
hymn, barbershop quarter, or folksinger accompanied by a guitar
Form in music is
the organization of musical ideas in team
Repetition is a technique widely used in music because it
creates a sense of unity, helps engrave a melody in the memory, and provides a feeling of balance and symmetry
When some features of a musical idea are changed, but others are retained, the technique is referred to as
variation
A musical statement followed by a contrasting statement and then a return of the original statement would be called
ternary form
The form consisting of a musical statement followed by a counter statement would be called
binary
In music, _____ refers to a characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, tone, color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form.
style
Gregorian chant song
Church music, monks sang it, monophonic (one melodic line), in Latin, ABA form. No meter, just chanting. Small, narrow range. Calm, otherwordly qualities. In Middle Ages (450-1450)
Organum
Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines.
Middle Ages (was it based on vocal or instrumental.)
Vocal. Not a whole lot of music was notated.
Who were the first to notate precise rhythms?
Peratin and Leonin. Moved us to ars nova (new art.) Get syncopation and more complete notated music.
Estampe
One line was notated.
Pope Marcellus Mass by Palestrina
From a mass. Time period is Renaissance. Polyphonic, sacred, vocal music. Masses are longer, the motet has Latin sacred besides the text. No voices: acapella/
Characteristics of Renaissance melodies
Words and music, texture, and rhythm and melody.
Melodic lines look like what?
Moving along a scale with two large leaps.
A vestes was descending by Weelkes
A 6 voice madrigal, secular, vocal music. Song is in English.
Word painting
Musical representation of specific poetic images.
Renaissance (just instruments)
Brass instruments.
Plaudite (clap your hands)
Imitation in voices. Giovani Gabrielli. Important because he composed for space. Worked for St. Marks. Two choir lofts. Specified soft and loud, instrumentation, and dynamics.
sackbut
brass; family of early trombones (alto, tenor, bass)
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major, First Movement by Bach
Baroque period, harpsichord, an example of ritornello form, concerto grosso.
Ritornello form
Alternating with solo groups.
When was the Baroque period?
1600-1750
Baroque composers
Bach, Vilvaldi, and Handel.
Vilvadi
Conducted an all girls orchestra.
Bach
From Germany. Wrote all styles but opera. He is Lutheran.
Handel
German composer. Went to England (one of their most important composers.)
Characteristics of Baroque music
Alternation between soft and loud (Baroque period), unity of mood, basso continuo, word painting, repeated rhythmic patterns, complex melodies, polyphonic texture is big in this period.
basso continuo
Most characteristic feature of Baroque music. Accompaniment made up of a bass part played by at least two instruments (keyboard and low melodic instrument.) Figured Bass- bass part with numbers.
Baroque period: core of baroque orchestra
Basso continuo and upper strings.
Instrumental and vocal are what?
Equally important in the Baroque period.
Concerto grosso
Small group of soloists and orchestra (tutti.) Multi-movement work (usually 3.) Fast-slow-fast.
What does fast-slow-fast mean?
fast, slow (quieter), and fast (dancelike.)
Opera
Drama sung to orchestal accompaniment. Opera can be serious, comic, or both. Opens with overture or prelude.
Aria
Song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment (expresses emotion.)
Who invented opera?
Camerata in Florence.
What is ABA aria called?
Da capo aria.
Castrato
Male singers castrated before puberty. Received highest fees.
Augumentation
Time values lengthened.
Diminution
Time values shortened.
Organ Fugue in G Minor by Bach
Monophonic, then goes to polyphonic fugue, subject comes in different voices, subject-answer-subject-answer.
Spring by Vivaldi
Baroque, harpsichord, ritornello form.
program music
musical compositions intended to evoke images or remind the listener of events
Subject (fugue)
Main theme, presented initially in imitation. Next voice enters after previous voice has fully presented the subject.
In Vilvaldi's spring, he attempt to do what?
Makes bird sounds.
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, Seventh Movement by Bach
Homophonic, Baroque period, musical texture turns to polyphonic, contata (written for choralists, soloists, and orchestra.) The function is sacred Lutheran church.
Difference between Lutheran and Catholic church
Catholic church is in Latin and Lutheran is in German.
Alleluia by Messiah
Baroque. English oratoria.
Oratorio
Dramatic poem set to music; long musical work with singing but without acting; CF. cantata
Difference between opera and oratorio
Oratorio is like an opera but doesn't have the costums, make up, etc.
Classical period
1750-1820
Classical period artists
Beethoven, Haydn, and Mozart.
Haydn
Skilled servant for Esterhazy family.
Mozart
Child prodigy and tourist. Doesn't like being servant. Moves To Vienna to be independent musician. Mixed results, died young.
Beethoven
Successful independent musician. Went deaf, did not stop from his composing.
Characteristics of classical melodies
Balance and clarity.
Mood of classical melodies
Contrast of mood between and within movements
Rhythm of classical melodies
Flexible with multiple patterns for variety.
Dynamics of classical melodies
Shading expresses emotion (Crescendo and decrescendo. Piano replaces harpsichord.)
Texture of classical melodies
Basically homophonic-frequent shifts.
Symphony No.40 in G Minor
Homophonic and sonata form.
Sonata (sonata-allegro form): for single movement; ternary form (ABA)
Exposition (themes presented), development (themes treated new ways), and Recapitulation (themes return.)
Cadenza
Unaccompanied showpiece for soloists (inserted near end of 1st (or 3rd) movement. Originally improvised after 18th century written out.
Classical orchestra made up of what?
woodwinds in pairs, strings, brass: (pairs of horns, trumpets), and percussion: 2 timpani.
Symphony No.94 in G Major (Surprise) by Haydn
Theme and Variations form.
Don't change length, but what can you change?
Anything else.
What instrument has 4 movements?
String quartet.
String quartet by Beethoven
Rondo form, chamber music (intimate setting). Has two violins, viola, cello, string quartet, fast-slow-dance-fast.
Symphony No.5 by Beethoven
Sonata form.
Rondo form
Tuneful main theme returns over and over (lively, pleasing, and simple to remember.) Alternates with other contrasting sections. Common patterns (ABACA- small rondo and ABACABA- large rondo.)
Piano Concerto No.23 in A major by Mozart
Sonata form, broken down to 3, Fast-Slow-Fast.
A serenade by Mozart
Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Third Movement.
Terraced dynamics
Alternation between loud and soft.