Qin
Chinese 7-stringed zither, most respected & patronized by the educated class
no frets or bridges, but thirteen position-markers called hui
Pipa
-4-stringed, fretted, plucked lute w/ bent neck & pear- shaped body
-now held upright on player's lap & played w/ fingers
-originally imported to Han China, from Kucha (ancient Uyghur) Kingdom
-23-25 frets placed along neck & sound board
Jiangnam Sizhu
type of Chinese chamber instrumental ensemble made up of strings & winds, popular in areas around Shanghai
Erhu
-apart of the Jiangnan sizhu
-A two stringed Chinese spike fiddle with hollow wooden cylindrical sound box
Dizi
-instrument in the Jiangnam Sizhu
-Chinese transverse bamboo flute with six finger holes
Ba Da Qu
Eight Great Famous Pieces" that the Jiangnam Sizhu is centered around
-Is what centers the Sizhu String and Wind Ensembles in Shanghai
-Amateur club members (who rarely bring own instruments) sit facing each other around small table
-played from memory
Jingju (capitol theater)
Chinese term for Peking Opera
-the main type of Chinese popular musical theater
-it's a dramatic presentation of plots using music, speech, stylized gestures and dance movements, acrobatics, mock combat scenes, and fanciful makeup and elaborate costumes
-
Erhuang
-Basic aria (long solo voice) -rhythmic patterns used in the Peking opera
-uses heptatonic scale (w/ #4 & b7); moderate tempo (usually in tragic or lyrical scenes); 1st syllable of phrase always starts on 1st beat of
measure
Xipi
- basic melody-rhytmic patterns used for arias in the Peking Opera
- employs both pentatonic & heptatonic scales; last syllable on beat 1
Danpigu
A single headed barrel drum used in Chinese theater
Songs for the Masses
-Chinese Communist political songs
-simple, didactic, march-like songs with words reflecting patriotism, discipline, and good citizenship introduced to Chinese school children in the 1920s
-w/ new political lyrics, songs used as protest songs during war a
Liuxing gequ
Shanghai popular song of 1920s, incorporating jazz & western orchestration
Gagaku
-literally "elegant" or "refined music"
-Japanese court music trad. maintained for >1000 yrs
-smoothness, serenity, precise execution
-absence of virtuosic display (maximum effect from minimum material)
Music of the left
music of Chinese & Indian origin
Music of the right
music of Korean and Manchurian origin
Jo-ha-kyu
aesthetic scheme of exposition in gagaku
Jo (slow beginning) - performed by hichiriki, flute, & kakko
Ha (regular rhythmic section) - main body of composition perf. by full ensemble
Kyu (rushing to the end) - increase in tempo followed by slackening of pa
Hichiriki
-Japanese
-short, double-reed bamboo oboe w/ 9 holes (originated from China)
penetrating & strong tone quality -center of gagaku ensemble
Sho
-Japanese
-mouth organ w/ 17 reed pipes (2 silent) in cup-shaped wind chest w/ single mouthpiece
derived from Chinese sheng - plays chords (tone clusters); primary function harmonic
Biwa
-Japanese pipa
-4-stringed pear-shaped lute (w/ 4 frets) played w/ small plectrum (similar to Chinese pipa)
Noh
Japanese classical drama, developed in Muromachi period (1333-1615)
Kabuki
Japanese musical drama, developed in Tokugawa (Edo) period (1603-1867)
Shamisen
-Japanese
3-stringed, long-necked, fretless lute, plucked w/ large plectrum
Naguata
lyric genre of shamisen music, also sung in unison chorus
Jiuta
hybrid form combining techniques from kumiuta & danmono
usually contains 3 parts: foresong (maeuta), instrumental interlude (tegoto), & aftersong (atouta)
Sankyoku
trio of koto, shamisen, & shakuhachi
koto plays main melody (& often sings at same time)
other instruments play idiomatic elaborations
Koto
-Japanese
13-stringed zither w/ moveable bridges
shakuhachi
-Japanese
end-blown flute w/ 4 finger-holes, 1 thumb-hole, & notch cut in lip originally played exclusively by wandering masterless samurai
Blackfoot
(largest & most central of older tribal ceremonies) lasted 4 preparatory days followed by 4 days of dancing
Peyote ceremony
(major religious ritual in many U.S.tribes) consists of a night of singing. Each of 10-30 participants sings 4 songs at a time, playing rattle while his neighbor accompanies
Concept of composition??
Powerful guardian spirits appear in visions, singing songs
-Many songs have no words - act of singing embodies spiritual power
-Specialists in making up songs usually also experts in religious matters - technical competence or aesthetic creativity not iss
Plains
basis of intertribal powwow style, Singing style emphasizes high pitch, rhythmic pulsations on long tones, & tense vocal style, song form feat "incomplete repetition," typically follows descending melodic contour
Ex: Blackfoot "War or Grass Dance Song
descending/cascading contour
??
...
Eastern
employs more relaxed vocal style, w/ some call-and-response patterns (& occasional polyphony)
Typical forms consist of several short phrases.
Example: "Creek Stomp Dance Song
California-Yuman
very relaxed vocal style & song form w/slightly higher contrasting section called "rise."
Example: Walapai "Funeral Song
Athabascan
incl Navajo and Apache peoples
wide vocal range, nasal vocal style, & even rhythms
Example: Navajo "Pole Dance Song
Northwest Coast
Also includes some Inuit peoples
complex rhythms, large number of wind instruments, & polyphonic choral tradition.
Example: Lummi (Wash. State) "Stick Game Song
Intertribal
songs or dance bases on the Plains styles with which traditions of various other tribes are combined, developed for performances at modern powwows
Ghost dance songs
assoc w/messianic cult that began in Great Basin & spread through Plains
song style derived from Great Basin style (UT/NV) - small range & typical paired-phrase form (AA BB CC, etc.)
Peyote songs
used in many tribes to accompany Peyote cult ceremonies.
ordinarily sung solo w/ relaxed vocal style (Navajo)
rhythmic structure uses 2 note values (Apache)
typical form: "incomplete repetition," w/ descending contours (Plains)
special set of vocables com
Heyowitsinayo??
...
Powwow
based on Plains style, modern successor of midsummer religious ceremonies
symbolizes broad pan-Indian identity to both Indian & White audiences.
Drum
singing groups beating together on single large 2-headed drum w/sticks
1-2 leaders establish beat & melodic structure of song
Native American flute music
flute has played minimal role in Native American culture
but music of Navajo flutist R. Carlos Nakai extremely popular on mass (esp. New Age) market
Mestizo
-the blending of European w/ local Native American (& in some cases, African) cultural heritages (practices, beliefs , & worldviews)
-once used as racial category for Latin American people of mixed European & Native ancestry
-now relative term referring t
Kena
end-notched flute in Paucartambo fiesta
Charango
Andean 10-string guitar variant; smaller than guitar in Paucartambo fiesta
Wayno (huayno)
- most widespread Andean mestizo song-dance genre in Peru
- also performed by some indigenous musicians
-strophic song texts & short sectional forms (e.g. AABB)
-duple meter w/ characteristic (galloping) rhythmic feel [figure varies btw 8th + 2-16th-notes
Hemiola
-Columbian & Ecuadorian Mestizo Music
-combination/juxtaposition of duple & triple rhythms, both simultaneously in different instrumental parts, or sequentially in the same part
-used in Peruvian marinera & yarav�, Venezuelan joropo, Mexican son, Chilean
Marimba
-Columbian & Ecuadorian Mestizo Music
-wooden keyed xylophone, originally from Africa
-widely popular in Latin America
-still played on Pacific coast of Columbia & Ecuador
Son
- Mexican Mestizo Music
- song-dance genre combining 3/4 & 6/8 meters (both simultaneously & sequentially), played in relatively fast tempo
-texts often strophic, using coplas (4-line stanzas), instr. intros, interludes, & conclusions
Playing as one
important in Indigenous Andean music
- not standing out from dense texture, important in culture where individuals do not want to be singled out in social situations
Siku
Indigenous Andean instrument
- panpipes
Pinkillu & tarka
- Indigenous Andean instrument
- cane vertical duct flutes with recorder like mouthpiece
Bombo
Indigenous Andean instrument
- large double-headed drum
Syncretism
process of mixing, fusing, and reconciling cultural elements (belief systems, religion, & music)
-blending & reinforcement of corresponding elements of cultures in contact
Creolization
mixing of peoples, cultures, & languages, via colonialism
Garinagu
people of mixed West African and Amerindian descent who settled along Caribbean coast of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua during the 19th century
Punta
genre of Garinagu
-song genre that symbolically reenacts cock and hen mating dance- usually composed by women
Rumba
-Afro-Cuban music and dance, derived from African sacred and social dance traditions
Rake-n-scrape
-traditional Bahamian music played on accordion, saw, & goat- skin drum
Saw
literally a carpenter's saw, used in Rape n Scrape
Goat skin drum
-used in Rake-n-scrape
Calypso
traditional French-Creole humorous song commenting on Caribbean life