Debussy
Voiles
Impressionism
The quality of suggesting rather than stating. Blurring harmonies, rhythms and forms
Gamelon
Javenese music, collection of drums, gongs, xylophones. Debussy incorporated these sounds into his voiles, for piano, in 1910.
Debussy
Had an unconventional career as a composer; never had a public post, never accepted any students, and rarely appeared in public as a composer or pianist
Diatonic scale
Whole steps and half steps
Whole tone
Debussy uses ______ scale in Voiles to make it sound like the music has no tonic and that all notes are equally important
Ives
The Unanswered Question
Ives- the unanswered question
Performed by three contrasting groups: Strings, solo trumpet, wind quartet
Tonal
Establishes a harmonic center of gravity, a centra note, that provides a strong sense of resolution and closure
Atonal
Has no harmonic center of gravity. No single note exerts the kind of force, the attraction, that we find in the tonic note in tonal note. All notes are of equal
Ives
Went against the grain before other American composers did in Modernism. Born in Connecticut. Music was hardly played during his life.
Schoenberg
Columbine
Schoenberg- Columbine
Anguished text to music
Expressionism
A broad artistic movement that flourished in music, painting and literature in the early decades of the twentieth century. Painter used exaggerated imagery and sometimes garish colors. Expression of inner moods and thoughts. Give voice to the unconscious
Schoenberg- Columbine
He was drawn to the surreal, violent, and eerier imagery in Albert Giraud's Pierrot Lunaire, a cycle of poems that had recently been translated from their original French to German
Columbine
Character from song that is a sharp-witted maidservant and is usually linked romantically to Harlequin.
Schoenberg
Perceived as a radical but considered himself a traditionalist who was extending the heritage of Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms
Schoenberg
Came up with the twelve-note composition which organized pitches into rows of 12 different notes. Each of the 12 tones had equal weight and none was repeated before the others had been played.
Sprechstimme
Sing in a manner halfway between speech and song
Stravinsky
The Rite of Spring
Stravinsky- The rite of spring
So new and different that the audience at its premiere in Paris in 1913 rioted
Stravinsky-the rite of spring
Score follows the score follows the scenario of a ballet that this composer recalled as having first conceived in "a fleeting vision which came to me as a complete surprise.... I saw in my imagination a solemn pagan rite. Sage elders, seated in a circle,
Stravinsky- the rite of spring
Polytonal
Polytonal
Juxtaposition of two conventional harmonies in a way that creates a new dissonance of its own. Each of the two chords is tonal in its own right, but when combined, they clash. This kind of harmony is:
Polytonality
When cords separately sound consonant but when the two chords are played together they sound dissonant
Pentatonic
Many melodies in The Rite of Spring are built on the ________ scale
Ostinato
Figures in which a single rhythmic or rhythmic-melodic gesture is repeated over and over again, many times.
Stravinsky
Was at the forefront of Neoclassicism, which turned its back on the huge orchestra and complex textures of his own earlier music.
Johnson
Terraplane Blue
African American
The blues is derived from __________ traditions
Blues
Uses "blue notes" (flattened pitches) in its melodies and tells first-person stories of hard knocks and love gone wrong.
Legba
Crossroads in West African religion and American slave culture- intercessor and god of the spiritual crossroads, trickster who challenges societal constraints
Johnson- Terraplane blues
Each verse of ________ contains three vocal phrases: 1) The first line of text 2) the first line repeated, sometimes with slight variation or additional commentary 3) the second line of text, often a response or reaction of the situation described in the
fill
short, instrumental response that occupies the time between the singer's phrases. found in 12-bar blues
Terraplane blues- Johnson
About a car but in the vernacular tradition of the blue, the car is merely a risque metaphor for sexual troubles and an unfaithful woman
Blues
_____ lyrics occasionally relate to social protest, personal misery, depression, or discrimination
Johnson
Made a deal with the devil
Cage
Indeterminacy
John Cage- Inderteminacy
This composer reads the text while David Tudor creates the musical accompaniment
Aleatory
Music composed using elements of change, comes from latin word, "die", dice, roll of the dice up to chance.
Aleatory
John Cage's Inderteminacy is _______
musique concrete
Refers to music created by real or everyday objects that are not normally regarded as musical instruments. The sounds are recorded and then modified in some
musique concrete
John Cage's Indeterminacy used _____ ____ (type of music/musical instruments used)
Philip Glass
Einstein on the Beach. "One two three four
Glass- Einstein on the Beach
An opera with very little singing and no plot. Only small portions of the text are sung: most of it is recited, and the text is sung is limited to the counting of numbers
Glass- Einstein on the beach
Built around a series of recurring images: a train, a trial, a spaceship in a field
Minimalism
Glass's music for Einstein on the Beach is written in a style known as ___________
Minimalism
A brief musical idea or group of ideas is repeated and varied incrementally over a long span of time, with a relatively slow rate of change.
Ostinato
The form of Glass's music for Einstein on the Beach scene is a series of variations on a series of short melodic fragments called ___________
Altered rhythms, divided voices, added spoken voices
Glass repeats this basic unit, with its three subunits of four, six, and eight beats, many times, but often with subtle variations. He creates variety in three ways: ____ _________, ______ ______, _______ _______ _________
Chuck Berry
School Day
rock n roll
Chuck Berry and others blended the musical styles of jump blues and honky-tonk with an edgy attitude to create a new genre known as
Shuffle
Berry's School Day is an example of _____ music. LONG short LONG short rhythmic pattern
Shuffle rhythm
Rhythmic pattern in quadruple meter, in which each beat is divided into 3 beats
stop time
instruments play a single note on the downbeat of a measure together and then remain silent
Tania Leon
A la Par
Leon- A la Par
Mixes the rhythms of a Cuban popular dance with atonal harmonies
Postmodernism
Leon's A la Par is in the genre of ________
Postmodernism
The musical style in which modern and traditional elements are combined. A style of modernism that embraces tonality as well as atonality, rhythmic predictability as well as unpredictability. Playful in spirit
Guaguanco
In the lower register of the piano in the song A la Par by Leon, there is a syncopated figure over and over, the kind of rhythmic pattern to which Cuban dancers could dance the _________.
Vacuno
Rumba style dance that features a pelvic thrust by the man toward the woman, who both encourages and avoids these thrusts. Found in Leon's A la Par.
Guaguanco Vacuno
Leon's A la Par have rhythmic lines called ______ and __________
Dun
Farewell" from Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Dun- Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Set in 18th century China and tells the story of two couples whose lives are overshadowed by fate. The plot revolves around a legendary sword known as the Green Destiny
Symbolism
Refers to movement in literature spearheaded by late 19th century french poets, relies upon a system of musical symbols, highlights the musically inherent in the inventive arrangement of words, explores new harmonies, tonalities, and scale patterns
Exoticism
Refers to an infatuation with foreign culture- profoundly different from accept social norms in its attitude customs, and morals. May feature unsial instruments or playing techniques
Middle Ages
Hildegard Von Bingen's Play of Virtues was what era?
Hildegard Von Bingen
Play of virtues
Hildegard Von Bingen
Each of sixteen virtues was sung by a different singer, Saton only speaks and has no music. Has both syllabic and melismatic settings
Monophonic
The texture of Hildegard Von Bingen's Play of Virtues was _______
Renaissance
Josquin's Missa Pange Lingua was in what era?
Baroque
Monteverdi's Orfeo is in what era?
Monteverdi
Orfeo- about a man who learns about the death of his wife.
Baroque
Vivaldi's "Winter" is in what era?
Vivaldi
Winter is by who?
Bach
Cantata 140
Baroque
Bach's Cantata 140 is in what era?
Handel
Messiah
Baroque
Handel's Messiah is in what Era?
Mozart
Symphony No 4
Classical
Mozart's Symphony No 4 is in what era?
Sonata form
Mozart's Symphony No 4 is in what form?
Classical
Mozart's The Marriage of Fiagro is in what era?
Opera buffa
The Marriage of Figaro is what type of opera?
Mozart
Marriage of Figaro
Classical
Billings's Chester is in what era?
Billings
Chester is by who?
Billing's Chester
Unofficial anthem of the American Revolution
Romantic
Beethoven's Symphony No 5 is in what era?
Beethoven
Symphony No 5 is by?
Beethoven's symphony No 5
Thus fate pounds at the portal
Romantic
Schubert's Erlkonig is from what era?
Schubert
Erlkonig is by?
Modified strophic form
What form is Schubert's Erlkonig in?
Romantic
Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique is in what era?
Berlioz
Symphonie fantastique is by?
Romantic
Verdi's La traviata is in what era?
Verdi
La traviata is by?
Verdi's La traviata
A high class prostitute thinks she may be falling in love with a young gentlemen
Romantic
Wagner's the Valkyrie is in what era?
Wagner
The Valkyrie is by?
Wagner's the valkyrie
Opera about a daughter being punished for disobeying so she is stripped of her godlike powers
Wagner's the valkyrie
Opera that uses Leitmotifs
Mozart
Symphony No 4 is by?
classical
Mozart symphony number 4 is in what era?
Brahms
Borrowed them from Bach and structure from Beethoven
Program music
Symphonie Fanstastique is an example of what type of music
Cantata
A work sung during a service of worship
Gregorian Chant
Monophonic vocal music in medieval church, designed to project religious texts. Well suited performance for large spaces. Also known as plainchant
Classical
Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Mozart are two leading composers of this era
Classical
Opera buffa came from this era
Minuet form
Opening section= minuet proper(A)= in binary form, two sections, opening idea returns to tonic, key=rounded binary form, followed by a contrasting trio (B)= binary form, contrasting theme and mood to the minuet proper , repeat of minuet proper (A).Finale=
Esterhaza
Palace in Hungary built by Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy. Haydn lived here and wrote the majority of his symphonies for the Princes orchestra
Fugue
Overlap repeated idea chase, exposition- eposes the subject (call), Episode= don't hear the subject. Ex: Bach
Gesamkunstwerk
A work of art that makes use of all or many art forms or strives to do so. Means aesthetics. Came from Wagner
Idee Fixe
Melody whose form changes from movement to movement but that appears at some point in all five, transformed to fit the emotion of the movement. Ex: Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique
Leitmotif
A brief musical phrase connected dramatically to some person, event or idea in the dram. Ex: Wagner's the Valkyrie
Monody
A single voice that perfectly accalims text
Oratorio
Unstaged opera on a sacred topic. Ex: Handels' Messaih
Periodicity
Phrase structure with antecedent (opening) and consequent units that together make a larger whole. Associated with Classical era. Examples: Haydn's string quartet, Billing's Chester
Renaissance
An era of singing for self rather than God. Mostly polyphonic music. Text painting
Ritornello Form
A return to when the whole orchestra is playing. Found in almost every Baroque work that contrasts a soloist or group of soloists against a larger ensemble. Ex: Vivaldi: Winter
Romantic
Era when composers wrote for orchestras that were bigger and louder, sense of freedom from convention, composers social status rouse, idea of nationalism
Sonata
Most important structural innovation of the Classical Era. Consists of an exposition, development and recapitulation
Troping
Decorating with more chants. Can be adding notes or words, can create new melodies for existing sections. Most were added in the Proper Mass
Verismo
Means realism. Used to refer to a style of opera that began in 1890.