PAC Final Exam

Culture

A set of values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape and influence our perceptions and behaviors
- includes Informal ways of life including customs, tradition, norms, etc.
-formal institutions such as political, economic, and social systems

1. Shared/Learned
2. Different in time/space
3. Changeable over time
4. Diverse (sub-cultures)
5. Comparable

Name the 5 characteristics of culture

1. Christ Against Culture
2. Christ of Culture
3. Christ above culture
4. Christ and culture in paradox
5. Christ the transformer of culture

According to H. Richard Niebuhr, what are the 5 types of church/culture relationship?

Christ against culture

Church/culture relationship
- Mutually exclusive and opposite
- All expressions of culture outside the church are viewed with suspicion and corrupted by sin.

Christ of Culture

Church/culture relationship
- Agreement between culture and Christianity
- Cultural expressions as a whole are accepted and celebrated as a good thing

Christ above culture

Church/culture relationship
- Cultural expressions are considered as basically good
- They need to be augmented and perfected by Christian revelation and the work of the church, with Christ supreme

Christ and Culture in Paradox

Church/culture relationship
- Dualistic view (Human culture is a good creation, but tainted by sin)
- There's a tension in the Christian's relationship to culture, simultaneously embracing and rejecting certain aspects of it

Christ as transformer of culture

Church/culture relationship
- Recognizes human culture as initially good and subsequently corrupted by the fall.
- Christ is redeeming all of creation, the Christian can and should work to transform culture to the glory of God
- Christ is seen as the conv

YES

In "The Uneasy Conscience 45 years later" by Carl F.H Henry, does he now believe evangelical Christians are more politically and culturally active than they used to be?

NO

In "The Uneasy Conscience 45 years later" by Carl F.H Henry, does he now believe evangelical Christians are politically, socially, and culturally relevant?

Evangelicals focus on politics rather than on GOD

Why are evangelical Christians are not politically, socially, and culturally relevant, according to Carl F.H Henry?

1. Revival of Prayer, spiritual revelation, salvation and help of rulers
2. Regaining a proper view of human nature and confront "cult of self"
3. Call for a moral counterculture

According to Carl F.H Henry, how can we bring change to the world while remaining faithful to scripture?

1. Politically Conservative
2. More older/white
3. Favorable public perceptions include caring, friendly, hopeful, encouraging
4. Unfavorable public opinions include narrow-minded, homophobic, misogynistic, racist
5. More negative view by non-Christians

Name 5 "General findings" of Evangelical Christians

1. It is inhospitable to the human spirit
- Impersonal and anonymous
- Dark human impulses have no restraints
2. results in a new emphasis on
- Feelings over rationalism
3. Revealing worst aspects of individualism

According to David Wells in "Postmodernism in American Culture", what is the Critique of the modernized world?

Alexis de Tocqueville

A classic French political philosopher who made a tour of America (1831 - 1832) and studied of American democracy

-Popular sovereignty
-Civic associations and religion
-Individualism
-equality; liberty

According to Tocqueville, what are the strengths of American Political Culture?

-(Excessive) individualism
-More love for equality than liberty, leading to soft despotism

According to Tocqueville, what are the weaknesses of American Political Culture?

Equality, self-government, Equality and Liberty, Expansion

Tocqueville writes that the most prominent feature of American democracy is _____, which is defined in relationship to free _____ under rule of law. He believes the ideal state of a democracy is this balanced partnership between _____ ______, and The easi

Democratic Envy, fragmentation, centralized, big government

Tocqueville writes that a love for equality breeds "_____", which leads to the ____ of society. Therefore, democratic individualism turn to ____ government and as a result, love of equality leads to love of _____

1. Incompetency of government
2. Government can become tyrannical in enforcing a certain value

According to Tocqueville, what are the limits of Big Government?

Religion

Acts as a safeguard for the potential extremes of our democratic culture obsessed with equality

1. Leads to loss of liberty
2. Results in soft despotism (administrative despotism)

According to Tocqueville, what are the consequences of expanded government?

1. Human freedom needs to increase in order to counter-act equality
2. Freedom is found when individuals work together to provide their common needs without the aid of government
3. Associations/Religion

According to Tocqueville, how do we resolve the problems of equality and big government?

Associations

Any group of individuals who join together for any mutual object of life.
- Prevent centralized government from becoming abler and b/c associations counter individualism and increase freedom
- Help us see our need for other human beings without turning to

1. Political association
2. Counteracts the extremes of the dogma of the sovereignty of the people
3. Teaches individuals how to obey government because they force them to participate in government
4. Thus redirects the self-interested independence of the

According to Tocqueville, why are Townships good associations?

1. Teaches man that he has need of others and God in this life, and that our actions on earth have eternal ramifications
2. General principles/ doctrines
3. Counteracts human tendencies
4. Teaches individuals how to properly use their liberty
5. Helps Ame

What is the importance of religion in a democracy, according to Tocqueville?

Political Ideology

-A basic orientation to government and political issue
-A political worldview
- A belief system that you use to understand political phenomena
- It motivates political actions

1. Progressivism
2. Liberalism
3. Conservatism
4. Libertarianism

What are the 4 types of ideology in America?

Core Conservatives

In many ways the most traditional group of Republicans. Overwhelmingly support smaller government and lower corporate taxes, and a majority think U.S. involvement in the global economy is a good thing.

Country First Conservatives

Older and less educated than other GOP-leaning typology groups. Unhappy with the nation's course, highly critical of immigrants and wary of U.S. involvement abroad.

Market Skeptic Republicans

Stand out from other Republican-oriented groups in their negative views of the economic system. Skeptical of banks and financial institutions, and support raising taxes on corporations

New Era Enterprisers

Optimistic about state of the nation and its future. Younger and somewhat less overwhelmingly white than other GOP typology groups. Most say U.S. involvement in the global economy is a good thing and that immigrants strengthen the nation.

Devout and Diverse

Majority nonwhite, highly financially stressed, religiously observant and older than other Democratic-leaning groups. The most politically mixed typology group, with about a quarter leaning Republican. Take somewhat more conservative views than other Demo

Disaffected Democrats

Majority-minority group and highly financially stressed. Have positive feelings about the Democratic Party and its leaders, but are highly cynical about politics, government and how things are going in U.S.

Opportunity Democrats

Less affluent, less liberal and less politically engaged than Solid Liberals, though the two groups agree on many major issues. Believe most people can get ahead if they work hard.

Solid Liberals

Largest group in the Democratic coalition. Highly educated and largely white. Express liberal attitudes on virtually every issue. Say the nation should be active in world affairs.

Bystanders

A relatively young, less educated group that pays little or no attention to politics.

Shift during the Progressive Era (1880 ~ 1925)

As a response to growing economic injustice and social problems as a result of industrial revolution and rise of capitalism. Rejected classical liberal ideals

Progressive View of Government

1. Expanded notion of the scope and role of government
2. Trust in expanded notion of government and its capabilities
3. Faith in bureaucratic expertise
4. Shift toward
- more expansive government
- regulation of markets
- greater participation by citizen

Living, adapt

According to Wilson for Progressivism, Government's laws are "____" and need change to ___ to modern circumstances

1. The end of government is security
2. Expanded notion of security

Name 2 ideas FDR believed in Progressivism

Social justice, intrusive, Depression

According to FDR message in 1944, ____ ____ called for a much more ____ government to deal with "big corporations" and bankers, and to positively aid those affected by the ____

LBJ's "Great Society

This vision of Great Society in 1964 mirrors FDR's emphasis on the new role of government. Defined as "abundance and liberty for all"
- End to poverty
- End to racial injustice
- Promotion of universal education�

- Value tradition and history
- Favor smaller and limited government
- Believe in government as a moral agent
- Adhere to custom, convention, and continuity
- Government should be limited to its primary responsibilities and cutting back its superficial re

What are the Conservatism: Core Tenets?

- Adhere to traditional moral values
- Believe that government must use its power to uphold moral values so that society can function better

What are the Core Tenets of Government as a moral agent?

1. Less government involvement in the economy
2. Less regulations on corporations
3. Less government spending on welfare programs
4. Less public service and more private sector involvement

Name 4 beliefs in Economic Conservatism

1. The focus is on social issues and traditional moral values
2. More governmental involvement in fostering and upholding moral values
3. Government MUST promote moral values to ensure a well-functioning society

Name 2 aspects of social conservatism

1. An appeal to the ideals of popular sovereignty and limited government established by the Founders
2. The dangers of expansive centralized government to individualism
3. The benefits of a free and competitive economic market and supply-side economics
4.

Name 4 aspects of Reagan's conservative ideology

1. Government should assist those who have difficulty meeting their own economic needs
2. Value of equality (especially economic)
3. Prefer higher taxes on the wealthy
4. Distrust corporations and see them as overly powerful
5. View of government as a nec

Name 5 aspects of economic liberalism (socialist)

1. An ideological heir to Progressivism
2. Advocate such policies as woman's right to an abortion; right to same sex marriage; social gospel
3. A political theory that advocates for individual autonomy and social justice
4. Government should play little t

Name 4 aspects of Social Liberalism

Radical Individualism

A belief that the individual alone has the ability and right to define their actions as true or false, good or bad

1. Economic conservatism + social liberalism
2. The goal is to minimize government as much as possible
3. Maximization of human freedom through restricting government
4. Some view government as immoral and only minimally necessary to protect contracts

Name Aspects of libertarian ideologies

MURRAY N. ROTHBARD

A particular brand of Libertarian thought that combines a free market economic belief with strong individualism (or self-ownership) and anti-statism

Media

The means of communication and sources that provide information to average citizens

- Report the news
- Entertain the public
- Identify public problems
- Socialize new generations
- Provide a political forum
- Tools for political campaigns
- Profit-seeking business enterprises

Name some roles of the media in American society

1. Media plays the role of "watchdog"
2. Politicians and media need each other to achieve goals
- Politician seeks positive coverage
- Media needs stories

Why do media and politicians have a complex relationship?

Attack journalism

A type of popular media coverage focused on political scandals, controversies, government failures, politicians' personal failings, which causes a negative public opinion of political figures

Horse race coverage

A type of election coverage that focuses more on poll results and speculation about a likely winner than on substantive differences between the candidates

Soft news

Media coverage that aims to entertain or shock, often through sensationalized reporting or by focusing on a candidate or politician's personality

Hard News

Media coverage focused on facts and important issues surrounding a campaign

1. It dramatically increases the amount of political information available
2. The Internet has become the dominant information source

What are some key trends in modern media?

- Increases access to information
- Can lead to a more informed citizenry
- Allow people to interact with their representatives

What are some positive influences on social media?

1. To be well-informed
2. To be a critical consumer of news

What does democratic citizenry require?

By-product theory

The idea that many Americans acquire political information unintentionally rather than by seeking it out

Public Opinion

Citizens' opinions about politics, policies, and government actions

- Politicians and academics spend lots of time trying to figure out what people think.
- Divided public opinion results in a compromise that fully satisfies not side.

Why is public opinion relevant?

- Politicians behave in line with their constituents' opinions�
- Yet, American constitutional design makes change (responsiveness to public opinion) difficult

How does public opinion influence government?

- People's political actions are driven by their opinions
- Explains the behavior of candidates, political parties, and other political actors
- Sheds light on the reasons for specific policy outcomes

Why does public opinion matter?

- Political socialization
- Political Events
- Political Actors

Where do political opinions come from?

Political Socialization

A process that Begins at birth whereby political opinions are shaped by one's parents, family, community, and culture, and while it's powerful, it's necessarily permanent

Events

Specific, individual experiences that capture our attention and may compel us to revise our understanding of politics and government, such as wars, economic depression, COVID-pandemic

Political Actors

recognizable sets of people who carry on collective action in which governments are directly or indirectly involved, making and/or receiving contentious claims
- Depend on politicians and experts to help us make sense of the political world.

Mass Surveys

Where does most information about public opinion come from?

Mass Surveys

Contact a sample of the population, trying to figure out how entire population feels about important issues

Sampling Error

The predicted difference between the average opinion expressed by the survey respondents and the average opinion in the population
- decreases as sample size increases

- Problems getting a random/ representative sample
- Social desirability bias
- Accuracy

What are some challenges to accurate opinion measuring?

- Face-to-face interviewing is best, but it is difficult to generate a random sample
-Random digit dialing is useful, but the inability to call cell phone numbers may be a problem.
- Robo-polls and Internet polls raise criticism and doubts about sample se

Name some problems getting a random sample

Robo polling

A telecommunications process where calls are automatically dialed by a computer and surveys and polls are conducted using computer scripts rather than live pollsters.

Social Desirability Bias

The tendency for people to answer questions in a way that looks good to others but may not reflect their real views

- Surveys often ask about complex issues that respondents may not have thought about.
- Samples may be biased
- Some people may also be reluctant to admit some opinions
- Respondents' opinions may change from day to day
- The wording of the questions may

What are some pitfalls of mass surveys?

Civil Liberties

Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power. (Liberty FROM the government)
-Freedom

Civil Rights

Rights that guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination and unequal treatment by government (Right given BY government)
-Protection

Civil Liberties

- Freedoms promised in the Bill of Rights
- "Due process" clause in the 14th Amendment
These are examples of...?

Civil Rights

- "Equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment
- The Civil Rights Act of 1964
These are examples of... ?

The Establishment Clause

Comes from the 1st amendment, and promises government will not force religion upon its citizens

The Free Exercise Clause

Comes from 1st amendment, and promises government will not infringe on the citizens liberty to religion

Separation of church and state

Not found in constitution, but found in Jefferson's Letter to Danbury Baptists about the wall between church and state. It is a principle, not a prescription

Lee v. Weisman (1992)

Decision that the inclusion of clergy who offer prayers at official public school ceremonies violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

Yes, because unlike adults in that case, students are constrained to stay put during the graduation ceremony.

Is Lee v. Weisman (1992) different from Marsh v. Chambers (1983)?

- Prayer has been a prominent part of governmental ceremonies and proclamations
- Respectful silence does not mean actual joining
- It is important to develop civic virtue
- It is government duty to cultivate such civic virtue

What was the dissenting argument for Lee v. Weisman?

The "Lemon" test

Government can assist religion only if
- the primary purpose of the assistance is secular
- the assistance must neither promote nor inhibit religion
- there is no excessive entanglement between church and state

- Speaking, printing, publishing
- Peaceful assembling
- Petitioning to government
- Symbolic speech

What does Freedom of Speech involve?

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag as a means of protest against Reagan administration's policies and asked whether burning an American flag is legal under "free speech"
- YES

- if it causes a direct threat to another individual/public order
- obscenity, child pornography, perjury, blackmail, real threats, solicitation to commit crimes, plagiarism of copyright material, defamation of characters

What are the limits to free speech?

Libel

Written false statements that damage a person's reputation

Slander

Spoken false statements that damage a person's reputation

Mill's Hypotheses

We are never certain of the other opinion's falsehood, and even with certainty, it is still evil to silence it

1. Truth is not certain
2. Truth doesn't belong to the individual; rather it is shaped in a community
3. Truth is fundamentally useful

What are the 3 characteristics of Truth?

1. we cannot be certain of truth
2. guide for our conduct
3. hear the other side of an issue
4. be judges

1. The only certainty is that ________.
2. We rely on assumptions because human beings need some _____.
3. Assurance depends on being willing to be wrong and on being willing to _____.
4. Individuals cannot _____ of all truth

Truth Shaped in Community

- No individual is completely competent
- Truth is also contextualized by the community
- Truth always wins in an encounter with error
-

Utilitarianism

identifies policy as right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust, based upon the consequences of such policies in proportion to the degree of human happiness or societal benefit promoted.

Utilitarian View of Truth

- Truth is fundamentally useful
- "The usefulness of an opinion is itself matter of opinion

Truth and Free Speech

- Free speech allows truth to prosper in the marketplace of ideas
- Free speech roots out false opinions we might assume
- Free speech replace them with true opinions

- democratic government relies on the ability of citizens to persuade each other.
- Freedom of speech is a security against corrupt or tyrannical government just as much as government is a security for freedom of speech
- Governments are fallible

Why is it unwise for a democracy to suppress free speech, especially in a democracy?

1. There are absolute truths that can be known with certainty
2. The whole value of truth does not lie in its partial utility

What is the Christian critique of Mill?

Hate Speech

Expression that is offensive or abusive, particularly in terms of race, gender, or sextual orientation, religion, disability, etc.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Griswold challenged the 1879 Connecticut law banning the use of any drug, medical device, or other instrument related to contraception.

- This right to privacy includes the intimate sexual relationship between married adults.
- This relationship is beyond the reach of government.
- Thus, the Connecticut statute is null and void.

What was the decision to the Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) case?

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Challenged the Texas's anti-abortion law on the ground that the law abridged her right of personal privacy

- The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right to privacy against state action.
- Unduly restrictive state regulation of abortion is unconstitutional
- No state regulation in the first trimester of pregnancy.

What was the decision of Roe v. Wade (1973)?

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Under Texas law, sodomy was illegal for gays but not for heterosexuals. Lawrence and his partner challenged the sodomy law for homosexuals.

- The liberty guaranteed by the 14th Amendment's due process clause allows homosexuals to have sexual relations
- The Texas statute violates the Due Process Clause

What was the decision of Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Some states including Ohio defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman. 13 states including Ohio banned a gay marriage. Obergefell led the class action lawsuit

- The Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects.
- This Equal Protection clause also guarantees it.
- The right to choose whether and whom to marry is inherent in individual auto

What was the decision of Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)?

i- Voting Rights
ii- Place of Public Accommodation

Name the order and titles in the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US (1964)

Heart of Atlanta Motel in Georgia refused to accept Black American guests.

The Commerce Clause extends the anti-discrimination provisions in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to hotels that host travelers from outside the state.

What was the decision of Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US (1964)?

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting.

1- Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
2- The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
3- This amendment shal

What did each section say for the Equal Rights Amendment?

- Lead to women being drafted into the military
- Eliminate sex crime laws that rely on gender
- Alter laws which require men to pay alimony and child support
- Eliminate social security benefits for widows and homemakers
- Force tax-payer funded abortion

What are some cons for ERA?

Phyllis Schlafly

The "First Lady" of the conservative movement that was anti-communism and icon of conservatism. Part of the STOP ERA movement and held pro-life values

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Decided that slaves are property, not citizens. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and thus void. Direct impact on the coming of Civil War and Lincoln's presidency

Reconstruction" Amendments

13-15 Amendments

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

14th Amendment (1866)

Equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

Granted voting rights

Hiram Rhodes Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress. A Republican senator to represent Mississippi in 1869-1871

Joseph Rainey

The first African American to serve in the House. The first African American to preside over the House. The longest-serving African American during the Reconstruction period

George White

Who was the last black southerner in Congress until 1973?

Poll tax

A tax levied to exercise the right to vote

Grandfather clause

A clause permitting people the right to vote only if their grandfather had that right

Literacy test

An exam administered at poll booths testing detailed knowledge of civics; usually targeted at black voters

Jim Crows laws

A series of laws allowing systematic segregation based on race that established the "separate but equal doctrine

Plessy v. Ferguson

In 1892, Homer Plessy - who was seven-eighths Caucasian - agreed to participate in a deliberate act to challenge the law. When Plessy was told to vacate the whites-only car, he refused and was arrested. Established that separate treatment did not imply th

The Constitution was color-blind and that the United States had no class system and accordingly, all citizens should have equal access to civil rights.

What was John Marshall Harlan's opinion on Plessy v. Ferguson