Civil liberties can be described as which of the following?
freedoms that protect citizens from the government
concerned with equality of citizenship
rooted in the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
synonymous with civil rights
freedoms that protect citizens from the government
At what point will the Supreme Court usually restrict or outlaw a religious practice?
when a majority of Americans oppose it
when it interferes with a legitimate state interest
when it involves any animal sacrifice
when it violates the Lemon test
idk
Which of the following forms of speech is LEAST regulated by the government?
fighting words
political speech
defamation
obscenity
idk
The public defender system was created to uphold which amendment?
Sixth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Fourth Amendment
Fifth Amendment
Sixth Amendment
The Eighth Amendment ensures that the criminally accused will not be subjected to which of the following?
public humiliation
excessive bail
conviction without due process
a long prison sentence
excessive bail
Which of the following best describes the process of selective incorporation?
It describes how individuals can open businesses in ways that allow them to bypass the Bill of Rights.
It refers to the Supreme Court applying the Bill of Rights to state govern
It refers to the Supreme Court applying the Bill of Rights to state governments in addition to the federal government.
Which Supreme Court case legalized gay marriage nationwide?
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Bowers v. Hardwick (2003)
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
According to Roe v. Wade, at what point in a pregnancy can the government regulate abortions?
any time during the pregnancy
any time after the first trimester
any time after the second trimester
at no point during the entire pregnancy unless the life of t
any time after the first trimester
Leaks from Edward Snowden revealed that the National Security Agency (NSA) was violating which amendment?
Fourth Amendment
First Amendment
Sixth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Fourth Amendment
What was the result of the Trump administration's use of prior restraint?
The Stresiand Effect
The Trump Effect
A Constitutional crisis
Impeachment
The Stresiand Effect
What two forms of equality have been at the center of the debate as civil rights have expanded over time?
equality of opportunity and equality of outcome
equality of healthcare and equality of income
equality of education and equality of voting
equality o
equality of opportunity and equality of outcome
Which states were subject to the Emancipation Proclamation?
all states
all Northern states
all states in active rebellion against the Union
all states actively supporting the Union
all states in active rebellion against the Union
Which of the following is FALSE?
New England states were the earliest states to grant women suffrage
Most suffragette leaders were previously abolitionists.
Susan B. Anthony penned the 19th Amendment.
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the
New England states were the earliest states to grant women suffrage
How did the federal government ensure compliance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
by threatening to raise taxes in any state that did not comply
by threatening to build no new military bases in any state that failed to comply
by threatening to withhold
by threatening to withhold federal money if states did not comply
What is one reason the NAACP primarily targeted inequities in education at the graduate level?
Most NAACP members studied at the graduate level and therefore had grassroots knowledge that could be useful.
It is more difficult to offer separate facilities
It is more difficult to offer separate facilities at the graduate level.
The Senate Judiciary Committee hearing to confirm ___________________________ to the Supreme Court helped launch the third-wave feminist movement.
Clarence Thomas
Brett Kavanaugh
Amy Coney Barrett
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Clarence Thomas
The extra-judicial killing of which Black man led to the earliest iteration of the Black Lives Matter movement?
Trayvon Martin
Michael Brown
Eric Garner
George Floyd
Trayvon Martin
Which of the following about Black experiences with the carceral state is TRUE?
White police officers dispatched to Black neighborhoods fired their guns fives times as often as Black officers dispatched to the same neighborhoods.
Black men and white men a
White police officers dispatched to Black neighborhoods fired their guns fives times as often as Black officers dispatched to the same neighborhoods.
Why did the Supreme Court uphold a presidential order that led individuals with Japanese, Italian, and German heritage to be interned in camps during World War II?
During a time of war, "separate but equal" was still considered constitutional.
Congress ha
There was a "compelling state interest" in detaining citizens from enemy nations.
According to legal scholar Kimberl� Crenshaw, which group benefits the most from affirmative action policies in universities?
Euro-American women
Euro-American men
African-American women
African-American men
Euro-American women
When might a person be more likely to participate in the political process?
adequate time to participate
sufficient resources
interest in participation
all of these options
all of these options
Which of the following offers the best definition of participation?
any action related to increasing one's knowledge of politics and the political process
any action in which a person or persons mobilize(s) for change
any action related to the process of
any action that seeks to change or support a government official or policy
Which of the following activities would be considered an unconventional form of participation?
voting
sit-ins
signing a petition
working on a campaign
sit-ins
Which of the following presidential candidates would be most likely to encourage voters to engage in retrospective voting?
an incumbent up for reelection when the economy is strong
an incumbent up for reelection when unemployment is on the rise
a challeng
an incumbent up for reelection when the economy is strong
What is the single best predictor of vote choice?
Partisan identification
Policy issues
Candidate characteristics
Political participation
Partisan identification
Which voter do most political campaigns target?
The median voter
The average voter
Partisan loyalists
Single-issue policy voters
The median voter
Which statement about turnout in the United States is accurate?
It has generally declined since the 1960s.
It is has stayed relatively the same since the 1980s.
It has generally gone up since the 1960s.
It has generally gone up since the 1980s.
It has generally declined since the 1960s.
Which of the following changes would most likely increase turnout in American elections?
moving Election Day to a weekend
requiring all voters to be registered in order to participate
increasing the number of elections held
instituting a literacy test for
moving Election Day to a weekend
According to political scientist Nancy Bermeo, how has most democratic back-sliding occurred since the Cold War?
Loss of trust in government institutions.
Coup d'etat
Election-day rigging
Increase in unconventional forms of political participation
Loss of trust in government institutions.
Political scientists Vladimir Kogan and Crag Burnett used ________________________ as evidence that people vote retrospectively.
Pothole complaints
The stock market
Economic recessions
Housing prices
Pothole complaints
Which of the following accurately characterizes public opinion in America today? Choose the BEST answer.
Americans' political knowledge has increased relative to the 1950s.
Americans as a whole are not highly informed about politics.
Political knowledge w
Americans as a whole are not highly informed about politics.
Which of the statements below corresponds with the conclusions reached by the earliest research on public opinion?
Americans are not capable of forming coherent political opinions.
Differences in political intelligence are principally a function of social
Americans are not capable of forming coherent political opinions.
Where do one's political values originate from?
their country of birth
the government
genetics
socialization
socialization
What does research suggest about the relationship between your age and your views on social issues?
People's opinions on social issues oscillate between liberal and conservative regularly throughout their lives.
People's opinions on social issues do not c
People's opinions on social issues do not change much over time.
Which of the following is true, according to the primacy principle?
Early learning provides the structure of later learning.
Voting behavior in primary elections indicates voting behavior in general elections.
What is first learned stays with a person thr
What is first learned stays with a person throughout life.
What can a polling firm do to reduce a poll's margin of error?
Shrink the sample size.
Increase the sample size.
Make the sample less random.
Make the sample more random.
Increase the sample size.
Why did the Literary Digest fail so badly at predicting the winner of the 1936 presidential election?
Its data was misinterpreted by analysts.
Its sample was collected too early in the election cycle.
Its sample was not representative of the voting popula
Its sample was not representative of the voting population.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between public opinion and policymaking is true?
About 80 percent of Americans believe politicians should integrate public opinion when making important decisions.
Roughly 40 percent of Americans be
About 80 percent of Americans believe politicians should integrate public opinion when making important decisions.
How do universities influence the ideologies of undergraduate students?
They make students more ideologically consistent.
The make students more liberal.
They make students conservative.
They have little-to-no effect on students' ideologies.
They make students more ideologically consistent.
According to political scientists David Broockman and Christopher Skovron, how do most elected officials glean what they perceive as the public opinion of their constituents?
Via constituent services
Via political polling
Via home style
Via public opinion
Via constituent services
In which of the following ways does an incumbent almost always have an advantage over a challenger?
earning votes from newly registered voters
raising money
public approval of the president's party
the state of the economy
raising money
Which phrase BEST describes the role of national party conventions today?
basically meaningless
largely symbolic
highly unpredictable
significantly impactful
largely symbolic
Holding elections allows citizens to feel that the government has what?
power
legitimacy
consent
prerogative
legitimacy
The widespread use of caucuses and primaries today signals a shift in the presidential nomination process that sought to give more power to what group?
state legislators
regular citizens
party leaders
members of Congress
regular citizens
Campaigns tend to be oriented around what three types of strategies?
parties, issues, candidate
economy, media, issues
candidate, issues, media
issues, economy, parties
parties, issues, candidate
What resource do campaigns rely on more than any other?
a compelling personal story
free media
money
volunteers
money
Which statement below is accurate?
The peak of the candidate-centered campaign was the late 19th century.
Campaigns became more party-centric with the advent of television.
Elections have become more candidate-centered, but political parties still play an
Elections have become more candidate-centered, but political parties still play an important role.
What electoral reform instituted in the 19th century and supported by Progressives led to less party-centered elections?
the switch to a primary-based nomination process
the adoption of the secret ballot
the introduction of soft money into campaigns
the e
the adoption of the secret ballot (I think not sure)
According to political scientists Justin Grimmer, Sean Westwood, and Solomon Messing, how can members of Congress improve their chances of re-election?
Falsely claim credit for policies they had no role in or are unlikely to pass.
Develop a personalistic
Falsely claim credit for policies they had no role in or are unlikely to pass.
What does political scientist Danial J. Hopkins observe in modern-day elections?
Individual races at all levels are increasingly a referendum on the President's party.
The President's party is increasingly punished in the next election.
The President's pa
Individual races at all levels are increasingly a referendum on the President's party. (I think not sure)
Muckraking" focused on exposing what?
illegal business transactions
unlawful practices by factory owners
inefficient spending in government
corruption in government
corruption in government
What fundamental shift in the relationship between the press and the White House emerged in the years following the Watergate scandal?
The size of the White House press corps nearly doubled.
The White House began to give the press more access to the presi
The press became more critical of the government.
What role does credibility play in the public evaluation of media outlets?
Credibility is an essential criteria used by the public to judge media outlets.
Credibility is a less important criteria used by the public to judge media outlets.
Credibility is n
Credibility is an essential criteria used by the public to judge media outlets.
What is framing?
the selection of which stories to cover
the presentation of information in a way that compels viewers to prioritize certain policy issues over others
the presentation of information in a way that influences how people will interpret an ev
the presentation of information in a way that influences how people will interpret an event
What three factors determine the likelihood of being persuaded by the media?
the message, the timing, and the audience
the frame, the message, and the timing
the timing, the source, and the message
the source, the message, and the audience
the source, the message, and the audience
Which story below best illustrates the concept of agenda setting?
When media coverage of the Syrian refugee crisis declined, Americans also reported lower levels of interest in and knowledge about the crisis.
A political scientist uncovered evidence that
When media coverage of the Syrian refugee crisis declined, Americans also reported lower levels of interest in and knowledge about the crisis.
What did the Fairness Doctrine require?
balanced coverage of public issues
that anonymous sources be revealed to the public
that public funding be provided for the news
limitations on government censorship
balanced coverage of public issues
Which of the following is an example of selective exposure?
A news consumer chooses a media outlet that confirms his or her preexisting views.
A news consumer chooses a media outlet that challenges his or her preexisting views.
A news consumer chooses an
A news consumer chooses a media outlet that confirms his or her preexisting views.
Which of the following best summarizes the finding of Journalism scholar Robert Entman's research?
When accused of a bias, the media overcorrects and creates a bias.
There is a strong liberal bias among the largest media conglomerates.
There is a slight l
When accused of a bias, the media overcorrects and creates a bias.
Psychologists Margaret Shih, Todd Pittinsky, and Nalini Ambady conducted an experiment on the performance of Asian-American women on a standardized test to study _________________.
Priming
Framing
Agenda setting
Persuasion
Priming