Management Definition
the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and other organizational resources
Four primary functions of management and descriptions of the activities of each
planning, organizing, leading and controlling. These functions work together in the creation, execution and realization of organizational goals
Vision and mission and the difference between the two
Vision: An encompassing explanation of why the organization exists and where it is trying to head.
Mission: An outline of the fundamental purposes of an organization.
Goals and objectives and the difference between the two
Goals: The broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to obtain.
Objectives: Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizations goals.
SWOT and its objectives
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
Planning
A management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives.
Steps in the rational decision-making model
1. Define the problem
2. Identify the decision criteria
3. Allocate weights to the criteria
4. Develop the alternatives
5. Evaluate the alternatives
6. Select the best alternative
Levels of management and be able to identify them from a description of what they do and some important job titles (top only)
Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans.
Styles of leadership
autocratic: leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others.
democratic:
laissez-faire:
Empowerment
delegation of authority to solve customers' problems quickly�usually by the first person the customer notifies regarding a problem
Division of labor
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers
departmentalization
the dividing of organizational functions into separate units
Economies of scale
The situation in which companies can reduce their production costs if they can purchase raw materials in bulk; the average cost of goods goes down as production levels increase.
Organization chart
A visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organization's work; it shows who reports to whom.
Chain of command
the line of authority that moves from the top of a hierarchy to the lowest level
centralized authority
an organization structure in which decision-making authority is maintained at the top level of management
decentralized authority
An organization structure in which decision-making authority is delegated to lower-level managers more familiar with local conditions than headquarters management could be.
Staff positions
jobs that support the efforts of line employees
Line positions
Employees who are directly involved in company's primary revenue generating operating activities
Cross-functional self-managed teams
groups of employees from different departments who work together on a long-term basis
Networking
The process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in and outside the organization and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems.
Outsourcing/Insourcing
Outsourcing is the process of hiring an outside organization that is not affiliated with the company to complete specific tasks. Insourcing, on the other hand, is a business practice performed within the operational infrastructure of the organization
Organizational culture
widely shared values within an organization that provide unity and cooperation to achieve common goals
In recent years, the service sector of the U.S. economy has grown much more rapidly than the manufacturing sector.
True
What has caused unemployment of skilled workers who previously worked in the manufacturing sector?
Advancement in technology
Production
the the creation of goods and services using factors of production.
Form utility
the value producers add to materials in the creation of finished goods and services
Assembly process
that part of the production process that puts together components
Types of production processes
Job Shop, Batch, Assembly Line, Mass Customization, Continuous Flow
In manufacturing, one main way to compete with cheap labor is what?
Robots
Facility location and the factors that go into that decision
choosing the locations for distribution centers, warehouses, and production facilities to achieve logistical effectiveness and efficiency
Telecommuting
Working from home via computer and modem.
Materials requirement planning (MRP)
A computer-based operations management system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right time and place.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
A newer version of Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), that combines the computerized functions of all the divisions and subsidiaries of the firm--such as finance, human resources, and order fulfillment--into a single integrated software program that us
ISO 14001
a collection of the best practices for managing an organizations impact on the environment
ISO 9001
implements a quality management system
Intrinsic rewards
the personal satisfaction and enjoyment felt after attaining a goal
extrinsic rewards
Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Employed motion study to simplify work and improve productivity
Scientific management
studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques
Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization, Esteem, Love and belonging, Safety needs,Physiological needs.
Management by Objectives (MBO)
Peter Drucker's system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.
Equity theory
the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions
Job enrichment
A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself.
Autonomy
self-government
Human resource management
the process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals
The ultimate resource of a firm is its
employees
Underemployed
working at a job for which one is overqualified, or working part-time when full-time work is desired
General climate of the labor force today
general trends
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that it created
know this
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Bans age discrimination for jobs unless age is related to job performance
Immigration Reform and Control Act
Passed in 1986, it was an update of the 1965 Immigration Act and outlawed the hiring of undocumented immigrants, but offered legal status to aliens who had lived in the U.S. for five years. Debates over immigration policy persisted, however, as did effort
The Family and Medical Leave Act
1993; Requires employers with 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year to allow workers to take time off to help care for a new baby or an ill family member without fear of losing their jobs.
A job analysis results in two written statements. They are?
Job description and Job specification
external hiring
Recruitment and selection of employees who currently do not work for the organization.
Internal hiring
Recruitment and selection of employees who currently work for the organization.
One of the main complaints made by critics of employment tests is what?
may discriminate against certain groups.
Contingent workers
employees that include part-time workers, temporary workers, seasonal workers, independent contractors, interns, and co-op students
probationary period
A specific time frame (typically three to six months) during which a new hire can prove his or her worth on the job before he or she becomes permanent.
performance appraisals
periodic evaluations of employees' work according to specific criteria
employee orientation
A procedure for providing new employees with basic background information about the firm
Fringe benefits
Any financial extras beyond the regular pay check, such as health insurance, life insurance, paid vacation and/or retirement
Employment at will
A common law doctrine under which either party may terminate an employment relationship at any time for any reason, unless a contract specifies otherwise.
Why were unions originally formed?
in order to help the workers with work-related difficulties such as low pay, unsafe or unsanitary working conditions, long hours, and other situations. Workers often had problems with their bosses as a result of membership in the unions.
Labor unions were largely responsible for what two main historic changes to labor laws?
minimum wage laws and laws against child labor.
What do critics of labor unions argue?
that unions are no longer needed to protect workers from abusive and unfair treatment because: laws and modern management attitudes minimize the possibility of unsafe working conditions and unfair treatment of workers found in earlier eras.
At this time, close to 50% of all union workers are employed by?
governments
Mediation
A method of a neutral third party, called a mediator. The mediator acts as a communicating agent between the parties and suggests ways in which the parties can resolve their dispute.
Arbitration
settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
The first federal minimum wage was established in 1938 by?
President Roosevelt
The Taft-Hartley Act did what?
Limited the powers of labor union
Union
an organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with an employer
Open shop
A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.
Historically, the most potent union tactic when collective bargaining efforts break down has been what?
collective bargaining efforts break down are: strikes and boycotts.
At this time, the largest labor organization in the United States is what?
Service Employees International Union.
sexual harassment
unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature
What percentage do women earn compared to men?
The average woman's unadjusted annual salary has been cited as 81% to 82% of that of the average man's.
hostile work environment
a form of sexual harassment in which unwelcome and demeaning sexually related behavior creates an intimidating and offensive work environment
What is the single most effective way to deal with the growing threat of workplace violence?
Hire managers with strong interpersonal skills