Affirmative Action-Public Opinion
Supreme Court: Affirmative Action
"Quest for equality among individuals from different discernible groups"
Grades, test scores top list of factors Americans say should be considered in college admissions
Responses change when asked about factoring race in
Regents v. Bakke
A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. No racial quotas, but allowing race to be a factor DID serve a compelling state interest.
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Struck down use of "bonus points" for race in undergraduate admissions at University of Michigan. point system was unconstitutional. (Rehnquist argued this violated the equal protection clause).
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan. upheld race as a component of the admissions process; narrowly tailored and served a compelling state interest.
Fisher v. Texas (2013)
affirmative action cases need to be more strictly reviewed by lower courts
Fisher 2016 edition: UT's plan survived strict scrutiny
Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (dealt with Asian Americans)
Lower court ruled in favor of UT
79% courses had 0-1% o
New Jim Crow: The Southern Strategy
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Early 1980s economic changes and relation to drug sales
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Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
Mandated a minimum sentence of 5 years without parole for possession of 5 grams of crack cocaine while it mandated the same for possession of 500 grams of powder cocaine.
Mandatory Minimums- 8th amendment
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1994 Crime Bill
$30 billion- to create new federal capital crimes, mandated life sentences for 3 time offenders, authorized $16 billion for state prison grants, funding for community police officers and drug courts
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
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One Strike and You're Out" (housing)
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Search and Seizures and the War on Drugs:
Terry v. Ohio
Florida v. Bostick
Whren v. US
Floyd v. NY (2013)
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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere. Foundation of current policy.
Focus on skill and family reunification.
Zero-Tolerance Policy: SCOTUS positions
Travel ban
Building the wall
Reduction in refugees (Cap at 18,000 for 2020)
Remain in Mexico
Public charge rule
US trailed rest of the world in refugee resettlement in 2017 and 2018 after leading if for decades
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
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Civil Asset Forfeiture Act of 2002
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Gideon v. Wainwright and public defense
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Plea bargaining (Pfaff)
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Implicit bias
attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner
McCleskey v. Kemp
The 1987 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty against charges that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment because minority defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty than were White defendants.
Armstrong v. U.S. (1996)
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Purkett v. Elem (1995)
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Alexander v. Sandoval (2001)
The Court held that there is no private right of action to enforce disparate-impact regulations promulgated under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. "Title VI itself directly reaches only instances of intentional discrimination." (Title VI of the C
Criminal employment opportunities
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Felon disenfranchisement
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Felon stigma
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Fair Sentencing Act of 2010
reduced disparity between the amount of crack cocaine and powder cocaine
First Step Act (2018)
retroactively apply the Fair Sentencing Act
Rise in opioid epidemic (affects more White Americans)
Illicit Drug use today (racial differences)
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Refugee Cap 2020
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Wage competition/workforce competition of immigration
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Immigrants and crime
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Proposition 187 in California
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Farmworker Protections (COVID-19)
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COVID 19 Lecture with Dr. Hinojosa
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Cultural threat of immigration
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Effects of demographic change/contact (Badger Article)
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