When did WW2 begin?
01-Sep-39
Why did WW2 begin?
Germany invaded Poland
When did WW2 end?
02-Sep-45
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, USSR, US
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
US Responds
lend lease - neutrality - lend military equipment to Britain - Naval Ports - USSR Alliance
Rationing in WWII
The government found it necessary to ration food, gas, and even clothing during that time. Americans were asked to conserve on everything.saved stuff for military use.
OPA
Office of Price Administration--set price controls to help check inflation
WPB
War Production board-decided what and how goods were rationed
NWLB
National War Labor Board--dealt with disputes between the management and the workers
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty for Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded reparations from the Germans
Treatment of Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans were sent to concentration/detention camp due to suspicion.
Battle of Midway
- code breakers intercept Japanse code - know of the attack
- island hopping - closer to japan
- US victory (turning point)
- assault mainland
- Japan cant recover - turn defensive
- 250 place & 4/9 carriers gone
Normandy
- European Theater (1944 June)
- France
- largest land, air, and sea battle
- foothold in western Europe
- liberate France - falls to the enemy ( Germany)
Battle of the Bulge
- Pacific Theater - Feb 1945
- gateway into Germany
- Ardens forest
- one million men waiting for allies
- fiercest fighting in Europe
- Germany wont let Allies in - they break through
Iwo Jima
- Pacific Theater - Feb 1945
- jumped to Japan islands
- airways - weapons in tunnels (arsenals)
- 200,000 Japanese troops defend
- 100,000 US Marines
- toughest fighting - US victory
- Raise flag
- need the islands to attack the mainland
Nazi Policy
#NAME?
Nuremberg Laws
- Jews become 2nd class citizens
- forbid from schools, stores, parks, theaters, etc.
VE Day
- April 30 Hilter Suicide
- USSR surrenders Berlin
- May 2 Berlin fell to Allied forces
- May 7 Germany Surrenders
VJ Day
- Aug 6 Hiroshima attack
- August 8 USSR declared war on Japan
- August 9 Nagasaki attack
- Aug 14/15 Japanese announce surrender
- Sep 2 final surrender - USS Missouri
Fascism
headed by dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy; calls for extreme nationalism and racism, no tolerance of opposition
Communism
headed by communist Stalin in Germany; social organization
Militarism
headed by Hirohito; a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
Nazism
headed by Hitler in Germany; unification
Totalitarianism Similarities
dictators, lack of freedom, big militaries, secret police
Neutrality Acts
4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents
Isolationism
A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs - war
Anschluss
Germany annexes Austria (March 1938)
Sedetenland
border of W. Czechoslovakia and Germany that is 50% ethnic German. Hitler annexes land after appeasement when he agrees to stop taking control
Munich Pact
A 1938 agreement between Great Britain and Germany to appease Hitler
Appeasement
Accepting demands of the aggressor in order to avoid conflict
Non-Aggression Pact
1939-Secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland
Invasion of Poland
Germany invaded for land, breaking Muinich agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II
First Blitzkrieg
declaration of war - period of waiting
Second Blitzkrieg
Germany quickly invaded much of Europe (Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France) with a concentration of offensive weapons along a narrow front
Lend-Lease Act
allowed sales or loans of war materials to USSR and Britain - gained access to naval ports
Dunkirk
port in France from which 300,000 Allied troops were evacuated when their retreat by land was cut off by the German - France surrenders
Selective Service Act
peacetime draft - law requiring men to register for military service
German Assault on USSR
in the spring/summer of 1941 the non-aggression act is broken and USSR joins allies
Yalta Conference
- stalin, churchill, FDR
- 4 divisons of Germany
- division of Berlin (soviet sector)
- Eastern Europe as buffer
- German reparations - demilitarization
- soviets and US support
- UN
Potsdam Conference
- US, Britain, USSR, france
- held at Potsdamn, in July, 1945.
- Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe
- govt. and borders established
- stalin wasnts weak germany - allies want strong economic Germany
Marshall Plan
aid to western europe - economic, political, and social recovery
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- defensive military alliance
- US, canada, 10 w.e nations
Berlin Blockade
#NAME?
Korean War
- USSR spread communism to SK
- UN pushes communism back (Yabo river)
- formation of 38th parallel
- result of WW2
- still communist country (NK, divide)
Arms Race
#NAME?
Space Race
A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union
- suptnik (satilite USSR)
- US = lots of money to win
- beginning of NASA
- educational shift
Gender Roles
stay at home mom
- 1940 17% of women had jobs
- 1950 23%
- 1960 32%
- women earned about 60% the wages of men
many parents arent around
Red Scare
fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life
Joe McCarthy
Winsconsin Senator that created a national witch hunt for socialist and communists inside the United States after WWII
McCarthyism
The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism (no evidence)
Eisenhower
...
Little Rock Nine
a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High. national guard troops were ordered to prevent the nine from entering the school. an angry white mob protested the integration plan. Eisenhower ordered the Army to protect and escort th
Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Thurgood Marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
President Eisenhower
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to protect the Little Rock Nine as they enter the school
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education - desegregated public schools
KKK
white southerners who masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people
Rosa Parks
Secretary of NAACP, spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Mongomery Bus Boycott
protest led by Martin Luther King, Jr. were African Americans boycotted public transportation in response to the arrest of Rosa Parks. African Americans refused to use public buses until they were finally integrated.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Leader of the Civil Rights Movement; preached nonviolent approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success
SNCC
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in nonviolent protests against discrimination, stage sit-ins
Sit-ins
Black college students took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; over 50,000 participated across the South.
Civil Disobedience
the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
Freedom Rides
a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
Freedom Riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
JFK
issued Civil Rights Bill - Washington March held to show support
LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)
Vise President to JFK and passed the civil rights act of 1964
Importance of Birmingham
most influential campaign - put pressure on the cities merchants - ended segregation - fire hoses were used to stop protesters
March on Washington
held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Freedom Summer
In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
Fracture of Civil Rights Movement
those who favored nonviolent means to achieve integration and younger more radical who wanted to fight for �black power�.
Separatism
A movement to win political, religious or ethnic independence from another group
Black Pride
a cultural movement among African Americans to encourage pride in their African heritage and to substitute African and African American art forms, behaviors, and cultural products for those of whites
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the SNCC. Influenced by Martin Luther King Jr. Urged for giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power.
Black Panthers
a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites
Malcolm X
promoted black pride and denounced assimilation - member of nation of Islam (wanted races to separate
Watts Riots
1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country. (in north)
Brown 2
Supreme court states integration will take action with all deliberate speed
de facto segregation
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice. (life)
de jure segregation
Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Discrimination
Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.
Racism
Belief that one race is superior to another
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
Integration
the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races
Unalienable Rights
rights that cannot be taken away
equality
the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
liberty
freedom of choice while obeying the law
Watergate
The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
Nixon Resignation
Nixon resigned from office on August 8, 1974, becoming the first president in American History ever to do so.
Vietnam War Ends
1975
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.