Little Rock Nine
a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High. national guard troops were ordered to prevent the nine from entering the school. an angry white mob protested the integration plan. Eisenhower ordered the Army to protect and escort th
Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Thurgood Marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
President Eisenhower
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to protect the Little Rock Nine as they enter the school
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education - desegregated public schools
KKK
white southerners who masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people
Rosa Parks
Secretary of NAACP, spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Mongomery Bus Boycott
protest led by Martin Luther King, Jr. were African Americans boycotted public transportation in response to the arrest of Rosa Parks. African Americans refused to use public buses until they were finally integrated.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Leader of the Civil Rights Movement; preached nonviolent approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success
SNCC
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in nonviolent protests against discrimination, stage sit-ins
Sit-ins
Black college students took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; over 50,000 participated across the South.
Civil Disobedience
the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
Freedom Rides
a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
Freedom Riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
JFK
issued Civil Rights Bill - Washington March held to show support
LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)
Vise President to JFK and passed the civil rights act of 1964
Importance of Birmingham
most influential campaign - put pressure on the cities merchants - ended segregation - fire hoses were used to stop protesters
March on Washington
held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Freedom Summer
In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
Fracture of Civil Rights Movement
those who favored nonviolent means to achieve integration and younger more radical who wanted to fight for �black power�.
Separatism
A movement to win political, religious or ethnic independence from another group
Black Pride
a cultural movement among African Americans to encourage pride in their African heritage and to substitute African and African American art forms, behaviors, and cultural products for those of whites
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the SNCC. Influenced by Martin Luther King Jr. Urged for giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power.
Black Panthers
a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites
Malcolm X
promoted black pride and denounced assimilation - member of nation of Islam (wanted races to separate
Watts Riots
1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country. (in north)
Brown 2
Supreme court states integration will take action with all deliberate speed
de facto segregation
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice. (life)
de jure segregation
Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Discrimination
Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.
Racism
Belief that one race is superior to another
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
Integration
the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races
Unalienable Rights
rights that cannot be taken away
equality
the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
liberty
freedom of choice while obeying the law