Rights that are rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of equal protection are known as civil rights (T/F)
true
Which legal doctrine grew out of the 1896 Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson?
separate-but-equal
Each of the following were used as barriers to African American voting rights EXCEPT
separate black primaries
In the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the U.S. Supreme Court held that
public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Which of the following describes what happened following the decision in Brown v. Board of Education?
combat troops were needed to integrate the University of Mississippi.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. often advocated ___________, which is the nonviolent, public refusal to follow allegedly unjust laws.
civil disobedience
Someone who experienced racial segregation of public schools was subjected to __________, while someone who currently lives in an inner city neighborhood that is populated only by racial minorities is subjected to ___________.
de jure segregation; de facto segregation
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, the most far-reaching bill on civil rights in modern times, forbids discrimination on the basis of
race, color, religion, gender, or national origin
Compared to the 1960s, the percentage of Americans who say they would vote for an African American as president has
more than doubled.
A university affirmative action policy considers race as a part of its admissions process. If this policy is taken to court, the court should employ the standard of strict scrutiny (T/F)
true
To determine whether a law or government action improperly discriminates against women, the courts would use which standard?
intermediate scrutiny
The policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special consideration to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome the present effects of past discrimination is known as
affirmative action
In the Bakke case of 1978, the Supreme Court ruled that Allan Bakke must be admitted to the University of California's medical school because
race was used as the sole criteria for admitting others and not him.
Children who are born in the U.S. of illegal or unauthorized immigrants
are considered U.S. citizens
Which racial minority is considered to be the best-integrated into American society?
Asian Americans
The Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress in 1972 and ratified by the states shortly thereafter (T/F)
false
_______________ is a movement that pushes for political, social, and economic equality for women
feminism
Women gained the right to vote as a result of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (T/F)
true
Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because they are male or female is known as
gender discrimination
Following the passage of the Equal Pay Act in 1963, the average wage earned by women rose from 59 cents for every dollar earned by men to _____ cents for every dollar earned by men in 2017.
79
The Supreme Court's decision in ________________ reversed its previous decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, and invalidated any remaining sodomy laws.
Lawrence v. Texas
In 2013, the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Windsor struck down the Defense of Marriage Act's provision banning federal recognition of same-sex marriages performed by the states (T/F)
true
The controversy over gay marriages was fueled in 1999 by developments in the state of _________, when its Supreme Court ruled that gay couples are entitled to the same benefits of marriage as opposite-sex couples.
Vermont
The kind of law regulating conduct between private persons over matters such as contracts, domestic relations, and business interactions is known as _______ law.
civil
In most states, contracts regarding _______ are the only contracts that are able to be enforced against minors.
necessaries