In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular_________.
reabsorption
Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as the:
Renal tubule
List, in order, the structures through which a drop of urine will flow after it drains from a renal papilla.
1. Minor calyx2.Major calyx3. Renal pelvis4. Ureter
List some variable that affect the glomerular filtration rate.
1. Permeability of filtration membrane.2. Surface area available for filteration.
Describe tubular secretion
Movement of water and solutes from blood into tubular fluid.
List the functions of the kidneys
1. Regulations of electrolyte balance.2.Site of calcitriol activation3. Filtering blood to remove metabolic waste.
The renal pyramids and renal columns make up the layer of the kidney called the:
Renal medulla.
Describe the urethra
Conveys urine from bladder out of the body
The renal pelvis funnels urine into the tube called the:
Ureters
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called:
Excretion
Juxtaglomerular cells
Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole which dilate/constrict arteries; release renin
Mesangial cells
Cells between arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries which dilate/contrict glomerular capillaries
Macula densa
Epithelial cells at end of nephron loop which monitor tubular fluid
Name the capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole.
Glomerulus
List in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass.
1. Fenestrated endothelium2. Basement membrane3. Filtration slits
List solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop.
Sodium ions, Chloride, and potassium ions.
The opening of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the:
Trigone
Describe the location of the kidneys.
Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3
The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of ______ and _________.
acid-base balance and electrolytes
Together, a renal corpuscle and its rental tubules form a _________.
Nephron
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxaglomerular cells respond by secreting_______.
Renin
In glomerular filtration, ________ is filtered to fom ___________.
Plasma; filtrate.
The kidneys regulate osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure by:
Regulating water and sodium output.
What carries blood from glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries ?
The efferent arteriole
list the order of arteries carrying blood from the renal artery into the renal cortex.
1. Renal artery2. Segmental artery3. Interlobar artery4. Arcuate artery5. Cortical radiate artery
List the components of a renal corpuscle.
1. Glomerular capsule2. Glomerulus
The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney are called the;
Renal plexus
Nephrons classified as _____ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla.
Juxtamedullary
List renal tubular segments that are influenced by aldosterone.
Collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, and ascending limb of nephron loop.
The ______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ________ is the layer surrounding it.
Medulla; cortex
The functional unit of the kidney is called the:
nephron
The fluid in the glomerular capsule is formed by filtration at the glomerulus. This fluid is called______.
Filtrate
Activation of the renin- angiotensin mechanism initiates changes that will result in ________ in blood pressure.
Increase
List the three segments of the male urethra.
1. Prostatic urethra2. Membranous urethra3. Spongy urethra
The renal pyramids and renal columns make up the layer of the kidney called the renal;
medulla
A glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule form a:
Renal corpuscle
Tubular secretion is important for waste removal. Some of the substances that are secreted include:
Bile acids, urea, and ammonia
The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the what muscle ?
Detrusor
The loges and most coiled region of renal tubule arises from the glomerular capsule and is called the:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
List some hormones that regulate the amount of water and salts that is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney.
1.Fibrous capsule.2. Perirenal fat capsule.3. renal fascia.
Nephrons classified as _______ nephrons have short nephron loops and have their renal corpuscles near the kidney surface.
Cortical
The _____ is the renal tubular segment running from the nephron loop to the collecting duct.
Distal convoluted tubule
List some effects of activation of the renin- angiotensin system
1.Increase water retention2. Increase blood pressure.3. Vasoconstriction.
As an enzyme, describe the action of renin.
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
The process of urination, or voiding urine is called ________.
Micturition
List two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys:
Urea and creatinine
Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure ( COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into the _______ .
Glomerular capillaries
constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the _______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.
peritubular
Define transport maximum
The upper limit of amount of solute that can be reabsorbed
Small molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. Those molecules that have passed through the filtration membrane include;
Water, electrolytes, and glucose
Aldoterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte _______ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte______.
sodium/ potassium
Which nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and GFR ?
The sympathetic nervous system
Nephron classified as _____ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla.
Juxtamedullary
Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ________ hormone.
antidiuretic
Filtration pressure at a glomerulus is determined by the balance of _____ pressure and ______ pressure.
Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic
The ________ __________ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.
nephron loop
If glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly and urine output will decrease and azotemia may occur.
low
Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium- glucose transporter and then removed from the basolaterial surface of the cell and into the blood by a process called:
Facilitated diffusion
Water moves through specialized water channels called:
aquaporins
antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to ______.
Dehydration
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ______ _______ .
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Describe a renal papilla
Th tip of renal pyramid
The amount of water reabsorption can be altered, allowing the production of either a concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the _____ ______ of the renal tubules.
Collecting duct
The salts in the medullary ECF that contributes to its high osmolarity were transported into the ECF from the _____ limb of the nephron loops.
ascending
The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule contain abundant ____ because of the importance of active transport to reabsorption.
Mitochondria
Fluid and solutes reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) are picked up by what capillary bed ?
Peritubular capillaries
During reabsorption from the proximal convoluted tubules, water can carry dissolved substances by a process called:
Solvent drag
The kidneys produce ________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
erythropoietin
The kidneys are about the size of a:
bar of soap
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal______.
autoregulation
The papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled into a cup like structure called a _____ which collects urine.
minor calyx
within a renal corpuscle, blood hydrostatic pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular__________ .
space
The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is _______ .
Na
The ________ _______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.
collecting duct
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting the:
afferent arteriole
The micturition reflex results in:
contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal urethral sphincter.
The capillaries forming a glomerulus have pores that allow filtration.Due to the presence of these pores, this type of capillary is classified as a __________ capillary.
fenestrated
The ______ segment of the nephron loop participates in active transport of salts.
Thick
Plasma angiotensin II levels would be increased when mean arterial blood pressure is __________ .
decreased
Increased FGR results in _____ urine volume and _____ blood volume.
increased; decreased
The osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is _____ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex.
Higher
Name the stimulus that leads to increased secretion of atrial natriuretic and brain natriuretic.
increased blood pressure
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte ______ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte ______ .
sodium; potassium
The _______ ________ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.
Nephron and loop
The overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration is called the:
Net filtration pressure.
The detrusor muscle is thickened near the urethra to form an internal urethral sphincter which compresses the urethra and retains urine in the bladder. This sphincter is composed of ______ muscle.
smooth
An enzyme, _________ functions to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
renin
Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone.
antidiuretic
Within the glomerular capsule, podocytes form the inner ________ layer of the capsule and simple squamous epithelium forms the ________ outer layer.
Visceral layer and parietal layer
Newborns and infants need diapers because their voluntary control of their _______ sphincter has not matured.
External urethral
Name the condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, dyspenea, and cardiac arrhymia.
Uremia
Hypertention can damage the glomerular capillaries, leading to nephrosclerosis or _______ of the kidneys.
scarring
The osmotic and electrical gradients that drive reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute _________.
Na
Describe the renal sinus.
Cavity within the kidney
Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called _________ .
aquaporins
The opposite sites of the renal corpuscle are the vascular and urinary poles. At the vascular pole, the ______ enters the capsule and brings blood to the glomerulus.
afferent arteriole
The wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is comprised of ________ _______ epithelium.
simple cuboidal