3 characteristics of the female reproductive system
menstrual cycle, restricted periods of fertility (ovulation), limited production (pool established at birth)
patterns of female reproductive activity over the human life span? (3)
menarche, menstruation, menopause
onset of puberty - during sexual maturation
menarche
female reproductive system cycles- during sexual maturation
menstruation
female lose ability reproduce around 45-50 - during sexual maturation
menopause
gonads of female?
ovaries
female reproductive tract? (3)
uterus, uterine tubes, vagina
site of ova maturation?- consists of connective tissue with follicles- separate from reproductive tract
ovaries
transports ova from ovaries to uterus- infundibulum and fimbriae to pickup released ovum - movement of ovum through uterine tube - initially peristaltic contractions then mostly ciliary actions- duration: 4 days to uterus- site of fertilization
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviduct)
layers of wall of uterus? outer to inner)
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
- outer layer of uterus- epithelial cells and connective tissue
perimetrium
- middle layer of uterus- smooth muscle- thickest layer
myometrium
- inner layer of uterus- layer of epithelial cells- layer of connective tissue- numerous glands
endometrium
site of fetal development- body= upper portion- cervix = canal leading to vagina- cervix + vagina = birth canal
wall of uterus
female gamete is called the egg, and tecnically it is an?
oocyte
follicle
a collection of cells around the ova that support its development and secret hormones- contain 1 oocyte (primary oocyte stage)- start as primordial --> oocyte, single layer of specialized epithelial cells- single layer divides to become more than one layer --> granulosa cells - formation of theca cells (interna and externa)
primordial follicle
one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounding the oocyte- develop into primary follicle
In human female cell is halted in
primary oocyte stage
granulosa cells
Follicular cells once they have become stratifiedthe majority of the cells surrouding an oocyte in a follicle. secrete estrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (before ovulation).- secrete antral fluid- provide nutrients for developing oocyte- secrete paracrines that follicle development- secrete inhibin- secrete estrogens- secrete substances that forms zona pellucida
theca cells
theca interna theca extern
stages of follicle growth? 6
primordial follicle, primary follicle, preantral follicle, early antral follicle, later antral follicle, mature follicle
folliculogenesis
process in which the follicle undergoes while the egg inside of it is undergoing oogenesis
what exerts mitotic effect on granulosa cells?
FSH
in folliculogenesis, _____ cells send out cytoplasmic processes through the _____ and form gap junctions with the oocyte. nutrients and paracrine factors are sen through these junctions to help the growth of the oocyte
granulosa, zona pellucida
how many follicles can reach the stage of ovulation during reproductive lifetime?
400
what triggers the loss of corpus luteum functioin and how does this influence the menstrual cycle?
not being pregnant
FSH
- stimulate granulosa cell multiplicatin- produce estrogen- further growth of granulosa cell- increases aromastase synthesis and activity in granulosa cells and more estrogen production
estrogen
up regulate LH receptors on granulosa cells- progesterone receptors on uterine endometrial cells
LH
- theca cells have receptors for this- stimulates thecal cells to secrete androgens
- permeate to granulosa cells from theca cells and converted to estrogen in granulosa cells--> E secretion rises and dominant follicle selected
androgens
frequency and amplitude of these pulses change every 24h over the course of the menstrual cycle
pulse generator
Formation of ova by meiotic cell division.00gonia --> ova
oogenesis
in females, number of ___ is fixed prior to birth while males continually produce spermatogonia
oogonia
____ starts in the first 2 months of embryonic life
mitosis
thie begins in fetal life
meiosis 1
meiosis1 becomes arrested at ____ of fetal life through birth until puberty
7 months
____ completed in the dominant follicle at the time jsut prior to ovulation
1st meiotic division
this is completed only after fertilization
meiosis 2
oogonia: chromosomes per cell and chromatids per chromosome?
46, 2
primary oocyte chromosomes per cell and chromatids per chromosome?
46, 2
secondary oocyte chromosomes per cell and chromatids per chromosome?
23, 2
ovum chromosomes per cell and chromatids per chromosome?
23, 1
net result of oogenesis?
1 primary oocyte produces 1 egg (n)
net result of spermatogenesis?
1 primary spermatocyte produces 4 spermatozoa
relationship of oocyte stage to follicle stageat birth, all exist as?
primary oocyte
physiological actions of ovarian hormones are not required for female sexual differentiation before birht but required for ? (2)also maintain sexual capacity in adult life- regualtion of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
sexual maturation at puberty, secondary sexual characteristics
estrogen have what kind of feedback effect?
both pos and neg
progesterone have what kind of feedback ?
neg
inhibin have what kind of feedback on FSH?
negative
what happens in day 1 of menstrual cycle?
bleeding starts
what happens in menstrual cylce from day 1-7 of menstrual cycle? (2)
uterine bleeding, multiple follicle develop
what happens in day 7 of menstrual cycle?
one follicle becomes dominant
what happens in day 1 - 14 of menstrual cycle? and what phase is this?
dominant follicle matures, follicular phase
what happens in day 14 of menstrual cycle?
ovulation
what happens in day 14-28 of menstrual cycle? (what phase)
luteal phase
what happens in day 14-25 of menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum functions
what happens in day 25-28 of menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum degenerates
why does the FSH level dip on day 5-~14 until it spikes during ovulation? (2)
inhibin, atresia of other follicles
3 phases of hormones during the 28 days?
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
what causes negative feedback of estrogen during early to mid-follicular phase?
low plasma levels
after proliferative phase/ follicular phase, LH and FSH decreases. why is this?
inhibitory effect of progesterone
late follicular phase: estrogen does opposite of usual effect: ______ and this leads to initiation of ______ due to _______ action of estrogen
stimulate LH secretion, LH surge, positive feedback
menstrual phase
- shredding of uterine lining- blood flow to tissue decreases- tissues die and slough into vagina causing menstrual flow- triggered by decreased estrogens and progesterone- hormones decrease when corpus luteum degenerates
in menstrual phase, menstruation is triggered by _______ (2)- hormones decrease when corpus luteum degenerates
decreased estrogens and progesterone
proliferative phase
- phase there uterus prepares for fertilized ovum- endometrial lining develops- endometrial layer grows- endometrial glands enlarge- smooth muscle layer thickens- cervical glands secrete a thin mucus - estrogens stimulate development of uterine lining
in proliferative phase, what stimulate development of uterine lining?
estrogen
cervical gland
Secretes mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle- secrete thin mucus during proliferative phase
secretory phase
endometrium prepared for implantation- blood supply increased- glands enlarge and secrete glycogen-rich fluids- cervical secretions more sticky forming a plug- progesterone (+estrogen)
what hormones are working in secretory phase?
progesterone and estrogen
actions of estrogen in ovary? (2)
increase growth of follicles, increase receptors for E P FSH LH
actions of estrogen in fallopian tube? (4)
increase growth, increase contractility, increase activity, increase secretions
actions of estrogen in uterus? 4
increase growth of endometrium and myometrium, increase contractility, increase blood flow, increase sensitivity to oxytocin
actions of estrogen in cervix?
sperm friendly mucus (abundant, watery and alkaline)
actions of estrogen in vagina?
proliferation and cornification of epithelium
actions of estrogen in breasts ?3
increase duct growth, increase fat deposition, increase size and pigmentation of areola
actions of progesterone in ovary? (2)
decrease FSH induced E production, decrease receptors for E
actions of progesterone in fallopian tube? (3)
decrease contractility, decrease cilia number, decrease secretions
actions of progesterone in uterus? (3)
increase endometrial secretions, decrease contractility, decrease sensitivity to oxytocin
actions of progesterone in cervix?
sperm unfriendly mucus (small amount, viscous, cellular)
actions of progesterone in vagina? (2)
WBC infiltration, decreased cornification
Conversion of epithelium to the stratified squamous type
cornification
actions of progesterone in breasts?
increase alveolar growth
what hormone increase body temperature?
progesterone