Where is the spinal canal larger
cervical vertebrae
Where is there a larger chance of impingement
T7-T10 because they are smaller
What is the Atlanto-occipital joint made of
C1 atlas ( concave) and occipital bone (convex)
What actions happen at the AA joint
NO rotation, supporting head, slight F/E, & side bending
What is the Atlanto-axial joint
C1 atlas (concave) and c2 axis (convex)
What functions occur at the Atlanto-axial joint
rotation, slight F/E
What kind of joints are C2-C7
facet joint with 3 DOF (flexion, rotation, & lateral flexion & extension
What is cervical resting posture
craniocervical region extension 30-35 degrees can extend another 55 flex 45-50
Which muscles do cervical flexion/extension
flexion: SCM, scalenesextension: splenius, rectus captius (occipital muscles)
The AO joint doesn't do
rotation
The AA joint doesn't do
side bending/ lateral flexion
c2-c7 does
flexion, extension, rotation, SB/LF
What action happens during protraction
flex mid lower cervical spine, extend upper cervical spine
What happens during retraction
flex upper cervical spine, extend mid-lower cervical spine
In the thoracic spine what is extension limited by
adjacent downward sloping spinous processes
Flexion of Thoracic Spine
superior/ anterior slide inferior facets T5 on superior facets of T6
What is the function of nucleus pulpous
type 2 collagen SHOCK ABSORBER
annulus fibrosus (surrounds nucleus pulpous)
collagen rings fibers resist- sliding, rotation, distraction
Angulation of femur normal adult
125
angulation of femur for newborns
150LE longer, in adducted position
angulation of femur old age
105 LE shorter, in abducted position
In hip closed chain kinematics what happens in anterior tilt
PSIS higher than ASIS with increased lumbar spine lordosis
What muscles are activated in anterior tilt
hip flexors, lumbar spine extensors
What happens in closed chain posterior tilt
PSIS lower than ASIS with decreased lumbar spine lordosis
What muscles are activated in posterior tilt
hip extensors, abdominal flexors
What does the ilio-femoral ligament do
limit hip extension, posterior pelvic tilt, adduction (superior band), ER (inferior band)
What does the pubo-femoral ligament do
limit hip extension, abduction, ER
Ischiofemoral ligament
limit hip extension, hyperflexion, abduction, adduction with flexion, IR
Function of the ligamentum terms
limit extreme hip adduction, flexion, IR, adduction
What is the Trendelenberg sign
weakness in gluteus medius pelvis opposite the side of the weak gluteus medius drops while the weak leg is in stance
Trendelenburg lurch:
patient may laterally lean the trunk over the side (quadrates lumborum) with weak gluteus medius
Lurch Sign
weak hip extensors force patient lurch the trunk backward by leaning trunk posteriorly
When is the patella most mobile
fully extended knee
When is patella manual mobilization
loose packed position