diastole
this is a ventricular filling and the relaxation state
systole
this is the contraction of the atria
pulmonary artery
who is responsible when venous blood need to deliver to the lungs for oxygenation?
aorta
which is responsible when you need to distribute oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body?
cardiac conduction system
this generates and transmits electrical impulse that stimulates contraction of myocardium
SA Node
this is the primary pacemaker which initiates electrical impulse (60-100bpm)
40-60bpm
AV Node receives an impulse from SA Node. When the SA node fails, it can sustain a heart rate of?
Bundle of HIs
this sends impulse from AV Node to Purkinje fibers
Cardiac Output (4-6)
this is the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in L/min.
stroke volume (60-130ml)
the amount of blood ejected from one the ventricles per heart beat
norepinephrine
sympathetic nerve fiber of ANS can decrease heart rate, conduction speed, atrial and ventricular contractility, and peripheral vasoconstriction due to release of?
acetylcholine
parasympathetic nerve fibers decrease heart rate, lessen atrial and ventricular contractility and conductivity due to release of
Age
this is one of the factors affecting the functions of the heart, when the is increased heart size it will decrease the volume of blood.
FALSE
men are at more risk when it comes to functioning of heart
increase in HDL, reduced LDL, dilation of blood vessels which enhance blood flow
3 major effects of estrogen?
FALSE
hormone therapy is effective to prevent CAD
chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, palpitations and unusual fatigue
5 common symptoms of CVD
aspirin, clopidrogel, tricagrelor
except for medications, herbs these drugs can help in dealing with CVD but take note of side effects such as nausea, vomiting gastric irritation
loud snor, frequen awakening
when client is candidate for CVD they may heave this sleep disordered breathing or SBD which is?
8-20mg/dl
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
8.8-10.4mg/dl
Calcium (Ca++)
Male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL ; Female: 0.4-1.0 mg/dl
Creatine
1.8-2.6 mg/dL
Magnesium (Mg++)
3.5-5 mEq/L
Potassium (K+)
135-145mEq/L
Sodium (Na+)
increased BUN
reduced renal perfusion and decreased cardiac output
hypocalcemia
Slows nodal function and impair myocardial contractility. The latter effect increases the risk for heart failure.
hypercalcemia
can occur with the administration of diuretics (reduces renal excretion of calcium)
intravascular fluid volume deficit
A normal creatinine level but elevated BUN suggest an?
hypomagnesemia
due to enhanced renal excretion of magnesium from the use of diuretics, digitalis therapy
hypermagnesemia
commonly caused by the used of antacids containing Mg. depresses contractility of the myocardium - heart block, and if severe, asystole.
hypokalemia
if due to administration of K+ excreting diuretics - arrythmias, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation
hyperkalemia
can result from increased K+ intake; excretion of K+, use of K+ - sparing diuretics, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that inhibit aldosterone function
hyponatremia
indicate fluid excess and can be caused by heart failure or administration of thiazide diuretics
hypernatremia
indicates fluid deficits and can result from low water intake through excessive sweating or diarrhea
chest x-ray
shows cardiac and peripheral calcifications
fluoroscopy
an x-ray imaging technique that allows visualization of the heart on a screen, this is a useful aid for positioning transvenous and venous catheters.
ECG
graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart
atrial depolarization
P wave
ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
ventricular repolarization
T wave
U wave
this is rare, some time can be seen in patients w/ hypokalemia hypertension or heart disease.
range of 0.12-0.20
PR interval
12-lead ECG
used to diagnose arrythmia, myocardial infarction, ischemia, or injury, conduction abnormalities, chamber enlargement
15-lead ECG
adds 3 additional chest leads across the right precordium and is used for early diagnosis of right ventricular and left posterior infarction
18-lead ECG
used for early detection of mycardial ischemia and injury
dobutamine
adenosine increases heart rate, mycoardial contractility and BP
aminophylline, theophylline, dipyrimadole
during pharmacologic stress test these 3 drugs cannot be taken 24-48hrs before the test
echocardiography
a non-invasive ultrasound test that is used to measure the jection fraction and examine the size, shape, and motion of cardiiac structures
cardiac catheterization
this is a common invasive procedure used to diagnose structural and functional diseases of the heart and great vessels.