Digestion
Food is broken down mechanically and chemically in the GI tract - takes place in the alimentary canal - aided by "accessory" glands
Absorption
Nutrient chemical breakdown, absorbed into the blood or lymph, and transported to the liver where adjustments are made to suit the body's needs
Metabolism
Sum of all physical and chemical changes (food and medication)
Excretion
What cells cannot utilize becomes waste
Mechanical Digestion
begins with mastication, muscles and nerves in the GI tract coordinate their actions to provide motility (peristalsis) - muscle contraction/relaxation
Chemical Digestion
includes the accessory organs - digestive enzymes break down nutrients - HCl, mucus, water and electrolytes, and bile also aid in chemical digestion
simple sugars
CHO gets reduced to this during absorption and transport
fatty acids and glycerides
Fats get changed into these during absorption and transport
amino acids
Proteins get changed into these during absorption and transport
Liberated
vitamins and minerals get ____ from food during absorption and transport
Steatorrhea
malabsorption of fat
Food Allergies
sensitivity; some life threatening
Celiac disease
gluten sensitivity; leads to malabsorption
Lactose intolerance
deficient in lactase enzyme; leads to digestive difficulties
Small intestine
the majority of digestion occurs here; mechanical - peristalsis, pendular movements, food is mixed with secretions and rolls in a spiral motion - Chemical - pancreatic and intestinal enzymes are released
Functions of vitamins
Organic substances - small amounts required for normal metabolism, growth, maintenance - coenzymes and regulators of metabolic processes - do not provide energy - do not become part of the body structure - specific functions nontransferable
scurvy
having a deficiency in Vitamin C could lead to this - bleeding gums, delayed wound healing, bone pain, tooth loss, hemorrhage
Alcoholics
this group of people are at risk for Thiamin deficiencies
Vitamin K
the functions of this vitamin is blood clotting and bone metabolism
green leafy vegetables
these are going to be your sources for Vitamin K
beta carotene
this is your Provitamin A - which is a substance within the body that can be converted to a vitamin
Fat Soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are more stable to environmental influences, they are absorbed with fat and stored in the body
Water Soluble
Vitamins B and C are less stable to environmental influences
Vitamin D
A deficiency in this vitamin could lead to Rickets (bow legs) in children or osteomalacia (softening of the bone) in adults
Vitamin B12
a deficiency in this vitamin could lead to pernicious anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor
Macrominerals
also known as Major - they have more than 5 grams present in the body - include calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, and chloride
Microminerals
also known as Trace - they have less than 5 grams present in the body
Phosphorus
laxative and enema abuse could lead to toxicity from this mineral
Calcium
A deficiency in this mineral would most likely lead to osteoporosis
Calcium sources
Animal products - milk, sardines, clams, oysters, and salmon - Plant products - rhubarb, spinach, greens, broccoli (cooking increases availability)
Electrolytes
the minerals sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate, and magnesium also function as
Iodine
this minerals main functions if the synthesis of thyroid hormones - if one becomes deficient, a goiter could appear
Calcium and Phosphorus
The functions of these minerals include providing hardness to bones and teeth
Sodium
the functions of this mineral includes maintaining fluid balance and helping transmit impulses along nerves and muscle fibers
hypertension
it is crucial to maintain adequate sodium intake when one has this characteristic
Diuretics
patients taking this type of medications are most at risk for potassium deficiencies
Iron
the role of this mineral is essential in formation of hemoglobin - and its oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Body Mass Index
this is the best way to calculate percentage of body fat - relates weight to height
Five Hundred Rule
this rule states that in order to lose or gain one pound of body fat per week, an individual must eat either 500 kcal fewer or more per day than the body expends
Underweight
a BMI of less than 18.5 means the individual is
Normal
a BMI of 18.6-24.9 means the individual is
Overweight
a BMI of 25-29.9 means the individual is
Obese
a BMI greater than 30 means the individual is
> 35 inches
women with a waist circumference of this are at a higher health risk
> 40 inches
men with a waist circumference of this are at a higher health risk
Recommendations
Diet, Exercise, Pharmacotherapy, behavior modification, and surgery are all ______ for weight management
Consequences
Documented prejudice, psychological, body image disturbance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder and liver disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea are all considered ____ of obesity
Bulimia
binge-purge
Binge eating disorder
binge without purge - associated with stress or emotions
Energy Imbalance
occurs when the number of kilocalories eaten does not equal the number used for energy