fomite
A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.
Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA)
a common, nutrient-rich growth medium used for maintaining bacterial cultures,
Agar
Gelatin-type material derived from seaweed
ubiquitous
present or existing everywhere
Archaebacteria
A group of microorganisms whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan and that typically live in extremely harsh environments (hot springs in yellowstone)
Thermos aquaticus (TAQ)
used in PCR, has an optimal temperature for growth of 72 degrees Celsius and you ca n heat it until near boiling without denaturing it (thermally stable)
microorganisms
have to be single celled and too small to be observed without a microscope (with exceptions)
Eurkarya
metabolic strategies: oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration (some can do fermentation)ex. protozoans, algae, some fungi
oxygenic photosynthesis
Photosynthesis that oxidizes water to form oxygen; the form of photosynthesis characteristic of plants, protists, and cyanobacteria
aerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen; tries to maintain a pool of oxidized coenzymes so that glycoylsis can keep going
electron transport chain
produces and maintains a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea; far more complex metabolic pathways including photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and a slew of fermentation pathways
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy using water as an electron donor
chemosynthesis
process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates using h2s (hydrogen sulfide) as a donor
nitrogen fixation
converts dinitrogen (n2) into ammonia (2nh3) so it is more bioavailable in proteins and amino acids
bacteria
metabolic innovations of _________ sustain and environment that supports thriving populations of all organisms in the earth's biosphere
microbiology
-clinical-bacteriology-virology-mycology-parasitology
helminths
worms
pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
virulence
degree of pathogenicity
listeria
in dairy and dairy products
microbiota
the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on the human body; usually beneficial
Leeuwenhoek
·was the first to create a rudimentary microscope because he wanted to look at thread count of textiles > started looking at other things with the microscope and reported his findings to the royal society of London where he reported the first description of bacteria
spontaneous generation
the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources
Francesco Redi
This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.
Louis Pasteur
Was in a competition of sorts with Pouchet to determine if spontaneous generation was real. Pasteur created a piece of glassware with a serpentine shaped spout that trapped dust particles so that they could not as a fomite and containment the contains of the glass. Discovered the racemic tendencies of different compounds by their refraction of light to the right or to the left. Came up with the idea of pasteurization by developing a fermentation method to keep wine from going bad. Saw that the diseased wine had bacteria present that would create vinegar opposed to the healthy wine containing only yeast that yielded alcohol. Developed anthrax and rabies vaccines
John Tyndall
Found that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance (thermally stable). Developed fractional sterilazation as a means of serilizing media where you boil three times waitin 24 hours in between each time
Ferdinand Cohn
discovered bacterial spores that can give rise to vegetative cells > sporicidal (heat to 121 degrees by applying pressure and hold for 15 minutes to kill spores
humoral theory
believed disease to be caused from an imbalance of the four humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). Practices bloodletting (now theres a journal called the lancelet which references the tool used)
Demonic theory
demons caused disease and needed to be cast out with exorcisms
Miasmatic Theory
something in the air" (miasma = poisonous vapor); malaria = bad air; influenza = influence of the stars
germ theory
disease caused by particulate matter that transmits from one person to another to infect a new host
john snow
...
John Snow
established anesthesiology (bring the person as close to death as you can without killing them, can be done with ether) and epidemiology (first GIS map saw that cholera was coming from improper waste disposal and removed the water pump handle.
Bassi
showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
Semmelweis
Person who advocated hand-washing to prevention transmission from one patient to another. Saw that invisible agent causes puerperal sepsis. Ironically ended up dying from it.
Berkley
Proved fungus responsible for Irish Potato Blight
Joseph Lister
was the first to determine that surgical fields should be sterile and used carbolic acid to prevent infection > use of antiseptics followed. Named Listerine after him.
Pouchet
heated flasks to boiling and bacteria still emerged
Fracastoro
suggested syphilis epidemic was caused by tiny particles
Henle
germ theory of disease