Ramfjord teeth
Representative of each sextant in the mouth to assess the entire mouth (# 3, 9, 12, 19, 25, 28)
What's the ideal plaque score?
10% or less
How do you calculate plaque score?
(Total number of tooth parts with plaque / 6 X Number of teeth used for scoring) X 100
Initial lesion Develops within ___ days of plaque accumulation?
2-4
Initial lesion
— No clinical changes are evident; a subclinical lesion— Clinically looks healthy— Collagen fibers breakdown apical to the junctional epithelium
Early lesion Develops within ___ days of plaque accumulation?
4-7
Early lesion
— Associated with early gingivitis— Clinically we see erythema and bleeding on probing (BOP) — Color change: Redness due to increased vascularity (vascular proliferation)
Established lesion Develops within ___ days of plaque accumulation?
2-3 weeks (14-21 days)
Advanced lesion
Phase of periodontal breakdown or PERIODONTITIS(NOTE: this is no longer gingivitis)
Cellular infiltrate in the lamina propria is composed mainly of neutrophils (PMNs), but also includes lymphocytes,macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells
Initial Lesion
Predominance of T-lymphocytes
Early Lesion
60-70% collagen destruction occurs within lamina propria
Early Lesion
Predominance of plasma cells
Established Lesion
Established Lesion
— Associated with chronic gingivitis— Clinically see more edematous (swelling) tissues andmore BOP than in the early lesion— Pockets are first observed
Continued predominance of plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate within connective tissues
Advanced Lesion
Advanced Lesion
Loss of connective tissue attachment from the CEJresulting in an apical migration of the junctional epithelium
Microbes most associated with BOP:
P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola
Clinical signs of gingivitis
— Redness(erythema) and sponginess of the gingival tissues— Bleeding on probing (BOP)— Changes in contour of the gingival tissues —> Enlarged gingival contours due to edema —> Loss of stippling —> Rolled gingival margins— Presence of plaque and/or calculus without any radiographic evidence of alveolar crestal bone loss
Chronic Gingivitis
Loss of Stippling, Friable Tissues
Steps of Plaque Formation
- Association- Adhesion- Proliferation- Microcolonies- Biofilm formation- Growth or maturation
Association:
Dental pellicle forms on the tooth, and provides bacteria surface to attach
Adhesion:
Within hours, bacteria loosely binds to the pellicle
Proliferation:
Bacteria spreads throughout the mouth and begins to multiply
Microcolonies:
Microcolonies are formed. Streptococci secrete protective layer (slime layer)
Biofilm formation:
Microcolonies form complex groups with metabolic advantages
Growth or maturation:
advantages
Forms of gingivitis
acute, chronic, recurrent
What's the effect on smoking on oral health and what can it cause?
- Higher CAL-
Tobacco Cessation 5 A's
AskAdviseAssessAssistArrange
What instrument do you use to examine furcations?
Nabor's probe
How many mm can UNC-15 probe measures up to?
15 mm
What is the most common medical emergency?
syncope (fainting)
Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL)=
PPD + recession
Miller Classification (Mobility)
Class 0-3
Class 0 mobility
complete tooth stability
Class 1 mobility
Slight mobility, up to 1 mm of horizontal displacement in a facial-lingual direction
Class 2 mobility
moderate mobility, 1mm) of horizontal displacement in a facial-lingual direction
Class 3 mobility
severely more than normal (>1mm) and can be vertically depressed in socket
Infrabony Defects
result when bone resorption occurs in an uneven, oblique direction
1 wall defect
hemiseptal
2 wall defect
crater (most common)
3 wall defect
trough
4 wall defect
circumferential (extraction socket)
Miller Classification (Recession)
- Determines likelihood of regaining root coverage- Class 1-4
Localized periodontitis
Less than 30% of sites in the mouth are affected
Generalized periodontitis
More or 30% of sites in the mouth are affectedAmt of sites x 6 for each tooth to determine # of sites affected
Staging
Extent and distribution is based on percentage- Stages I-IV-- Localized-- Generalized-- Molar/incisor pattern (classic localized aggressive periodontitis)
Grading
determined by rate of progression, responsiveness totherapy, and assessment of risk- Rate of CAL/RBL- Smoking- Diabetes• Measured from A to C
Periodont al probe:
Calibrated measuring instrument to measure depth of the periodontal sulcus or pocket
How do you probe?
Note the location of the probe Base of the pocket is on the root below the CEJ (not enamel) Attachment loss has occurred on the root apical to the CEJ Key: With a pocket, feel for CEJ, base will be apical to CEJ
How do you probe?
Stepping" a measuring device (periodontal probe) around the tooth (within the crevice) and recording the deepest reading in mm at 6 sites/tooth- Mesial buccal/facial - Facial/buccal - Distal buccal/facial - Mesial palatal/lingual - Palatal/lingual - Distal palatal/lingual
Probing depth (PD)
the distance from the gingival margin (GM) to the base of the probeable crevice (be it sulcus or pocket)
Glickman Classification based on tissue degradation in horizontal dimension:
Grade I, II, III, IV
Where is Furcation most common?
The maxillary molarsMost readily seen radiographically in the mandibular molars
Furcation Grade I:
incipient or early stage bone loss
Furcation Grade II:
Partial bone loss. Probe in a horizontal direction more than 3 mm but not through and through
Furcation Grade III:
Total bone loss. Involvement is through and through and completely probed. Probe tip not seen through the gingival tissues
Furcation Grade IV:
total bone loss with gingival recession exposing the furcation to view clinically. Probe tip is seen coronal to the gingival tissues