Paracrine
TYPES OF SECRETION: Localized dispersal in interstitial fluid or through short loops of blood vessels
Juxtacrine
TYPES OF SECRETION: Signaling molecule remains on the secreting cell's surface or adjacent extracellular matrix and affects target cells when the cells make contact.
Autocrine
TYPES OF SECRETION: Cells may produce molecules that act on themselves or on cells of the same type
Hormones
-"chemical messenger" of the body-secreted by ductless glands
Amines
Tyrosine Derivative & Tryptophan Derivative
Peptides
Glycoproteins & Polypeptides
Steroids
ACEPT
5 principal cells in anterior pituitary:
GonadotrophsSomatotrophsThyrotrophsCorticotrophsLactotrophs
cushing syndrome
Syndrome due to high cortisol
Somatotrophs
the most abundant in pars distalis while thyrotropes are the least
Posterior Pituitary
Composed of neural tissue containing unmyelinated axons
Pituicytes
What is the principal cell found in posterior pituitary?
Cortisol
What is the major hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?
Thyroglobulin
What is the protein produced by the Thyroid gland?
Melatonin
Known as the biological clock.
Parafollicular cells
What is the specific secretor of calcitonin?
Epinephrine
What is the most potent Catecholamine?
Neurohypophysis
What is the other term for posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin
Milk letdown reflex" is associated with what hormone
Somatostatin
What is the hormone secreted by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans?
Aldosterone
What is the most potent mineralcorticoid?
Cortisol
What is the most potent glucocorticoid?
Testosterone
What is the most potent androgen?
Gonads
Target organ of Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
Bone
Main target organ of Growth hormone
Mammary gland
Target organ of Prolactin
Adrenal gland
Target organ of Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
Thyroid
Target organ of TSH
neuroectoderm
origin of neurohypophysis
oral ectoderm
origin of adenohypophysis
Epiphysis
-Basis of Circadian rhythm-Secretes melatonin-Pineal Cerebri
Grave's Disease
Exophthalmos
Goiter
Enlarge thyroid
Gigantism
Condition due to high levels of Growth hormone that happens during young age or adolescence
Dwarfism
-Growth hormone deficiency-Condition due to low levels of Growth hormone that happens during young age or adolescence
Pinealocytes
Most abundant cells in Epiphysis/Pineal gland
Pineal sand
Corpora arenacea
Chief cells
principal cell in Parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cells
Another cell in parathyroid gland
PTH
-Responsible for the regulation of calcium level-Elevates calcium level
Calcitonin
-For calcium level regulation-Inhibits osteoclast activity-Lowers calcium level
Follicular cells
Secretes T3 and T4 hormones
Alpha cells
secretes glucagon from the islets of Langerhans
Beta cells
secretes insulin from the islets of Langerhans
Delta cells
secretes somatostatin from the islets of Langerhans
Thyroid gland
Butterfly-shaped organ
T3
Triiodothyronine
T4
Tetraiodothyronine
Zona glomerulosa
-Part of the cortex region which synthesizes mineralocorticoid
Zona fasciculata
-Part of the cortex region which synthesizes glucocorticoid
Zone reticularis
-Part of the cortex region which synthesizes androgen
Medulla region
-Adrenal region which synthesizes Catecholamine
Cortex region
-Adrenal region that secretes steroid hormones
Adrenal gland
-gland that is superior to the kidneys (suprarenal gland)
Thyrotrophs
Least abundant principal cell in pars distalis
Lactotrophs
-Principal cell that secretes PRL
Gonadotrophs
-Principal cell that secretes FSH and LH
Corticotrophs
-Principal cell that secretes Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Herring bodies
also known as the neurosecretory bodies; dilated axons
Neurophysin I
Transport protein for Oxytocin
Neurophysin II
Transport protein for ADH
Chromophobe cells
Researchers believe that it is the progenitor cells for Chromophils in the Pars distalis
Prolactin
responsible for the contraction of breast to secrete breast milk
Dopamine
-Prolactin inhibiting hormone-Considered as one of the happy hormones-Tyrosine derivative
Uterus & Mammary
Target organ of Oxytocin
Kidney tubules
Target organ of ADH