Communication
A process that consists of two or more people sharing information, including facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.
What are some nonverbal examples of communication? (MIDTERM QUESTION)
Sign language, eye contact, gestures, and body language.
Communication does not have to involve language or have to be vocalized.
True
The most widely used means of communication is language.
False, it's speech.
Speech
The expression of thoughts in spoken words that is through oral, verbal communication.
Articulation
The motor production of speech sounds.
Fluency
The flow of speaking including rate and rhythm.
Voice
This includes voice quality, pitch, loudness, and resonance.
What are the subdivisions of language?
Phonology (sound system), morphology (structure of words), syntax (organizational rules), semantics (linguistic meaning), and pragmatics (social use).
Language
A dynamic system of symbols used for various forms of communication.
Communication disorder
The impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems.
What are the subdivisions of communication disorders?
Speech, language, hearing, and central auditory disorders.
Speech disorder
Is used to indicate oral, verbal communication that is so deviant from the norm that it is noticeable or interferes with communication.
What does a speech disorder affect?
Intelligible and atypical communication.
What are speech disorders further divided into?
Articulation, fluency, and voice disorders.
Language disorder (MIDTERM QUESTION)
Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems (sign language).
A language disorder can be applied to what areas? (MIDTERM QUESTION)
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Hearing impairment
This is caused by impaired auditory sensitivity.
Individuals with hearing impairments are typically classified as what?
Deaf or hard of hearing.
Central auditory processing disorder
Deficits in the processing of information from audible signals.
Articulation (MIDTERM QUESTION)
The totality of motor movements involved in production of the actual sounds that compromise speech. It represents a highly complex activity in which the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory mechanisms are involved.
The ability to learn how to articulate is a form or motor learning.
True
Speech sounds (or phones) (MIDTERM QUESTION)
Represent physical sound realities; they are the end products of articulatory motor processes.
What are some common terms for speech sounds? (MIDTERM QUESTION)
Phones (spoken reality), phonemes (distinguishable sound), allophones (variation), phonotactics (sound combination rules), phonemic variations , and minimal pairs (one sound difference).
Phoneme
The smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning like in tick versus kick.
Allophones
Variations in phoneme realizations that do not change the meaning of a word when they are produced in differing contexts like in the production of the sound /p/ in pie and spot.
Phonotactics
Description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language like "sh" + "r" in shrink but not "sh" + "v".
Minimal pairs
A pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (dog/bog).
Phoneme
The smallest unit of language able to establish and change word meanings; used in reference to a language system; basic unit with multiple phonology; notation is within virgules like /s/.
Phone
Actual realizations of phonemes; concrete, produced, transmitted, and perceived; does not have to be examined within context of a language system; basic unit within phonetics; notation is within brackets like [f].
Speech sound disorder as an umbrella term.
-It refers to one or more following areas of difficulty that affect intelligibility: perception, motor production, phonological realization, and problems with phonotactic rules. -It can affect the form or function of speech sounds within a language system. -If the form of speech is affected, these are referred to as articulation disorders that have structural (cleft palate) and motor-based (apraxia) difficulties. -If the function is affected, these are referred to as phonological disorders that have difficulties with the use of phonemes, phoneme rules, and patterns with the context of spoken language.
What disorders fall under speech sound disorders?
Phonological (function) and articulation (form) disorders.
Articulation disorder
The atypical production of speech sounds characterized by substitutions, omissions, additions, or distortions that may interfere with intelligibility. It can be caused by motor production ability or inability to produce certain speech sounds.
What is SODA?
Substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of speech sounds.
What are typical speech production problems associated with articulation disorders?
-Not typical of the speech of other children of the same age.-Limited to only a few sounds.-Without an identifiable pattern.-Does not compromise intelligibility.-Can be associated with an organic, structural, or neurological origin.
Depending on the age, certain articulation errors may be considered typical (age-appropriate errors) or atypical (non-age appropriate).
True
Phonetic inventory
A list of all phones including their variations.
Phonological disorder
The impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinations.
Phonemic inventory
Repertoire of phonemes used contrastively by an individual to differentiate meaning.
Phonotactic constraints
The phoneme use is restricted and the phonemes are not used in all possible word positions.
Constraints
Any patterns noted that seem to limit or restrict the productional possibilities of our clients.
What are the types of speech disorders under the Speech Disorder Classification System?
Speech delay, motor speech disorder, speech errors, and persistent speech errors.
Speech delay
Onset between 3 and 9 years of age, represented by significant speech sound substitutions and deletions that may become age appropriate with treatment.
Motor speech disorder
Onset between 3 and 9 years of age, represented by significant speech sound distortions, deletions, and substitutions that may not be age appropriate even after treatment. Typically, this occurs in correlation with apraxia and dysarthria.
Speech errors
Onset between 6 and 9 years of age, represented by soeech sound distortion errors that occur primarily on s- and r- sounds. This should not have the same academic and social consequences.
Persistent speech disorder
A term used for children over the age of 9.
Etiology of speech delay
-Associated with cognitive-linguistic difficulties that can be transmitted genetically. -Marked by auditory-perceptual processing problems that result from fluctuating hearing loss due to otitis media at an early age. -Caused by psychosocial conflict and aggressive or withdrawn temperaments that makes speech skill feedback difficult.
Etiology of motor speech disorder
-Speech motor involvement with planning and/or programming restraints thag is consistent with apraxia of speech. -Speech delay-dysarthria.
Etiology of speech errors
-The distortion of the -s sound. -The distortion of the -r sound. This occurs by the child attempting to master some aspects of speech before they are ready.
The Differential Diagnosis System
A descriptive-linguistic framework for children with speech sound disorders (SSD).1. Articulation disorders - an inability to produce certain phones, typically s- and r- sounds and uses substitution and distortions. 2. Phonological delay - error patterns are developmental but delayed. 3. Consistent phonological disorder - no developmental errors patterns, they are atypical and idiosyncratic. 4. Inconsistent phonological disorder - variable production on the same item. 5. Childhood apraxia of speech - multi deficit motor speech disorder involving phonological planning, phonetic, and motor programming difficulties.
What are the two main ways to classify speech sound disorders?
The Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCD) and the Differential Diagnosis System.