Marco Polo
-told a fellow prisoner about his adventures
Rustichello da Pisa
-wrote Description of the World-penned the words of one of history's greatest travelers, Marco Polo
Compass
-enabled sailors to know which direction they were headed
Astrolabe
-allowed people to determine their ship's latitude on the ocean
Caravel
-small light ship sported two or three triangular sails that made it easy to maneuver
Mercantilism
-a nationalistic economic system-is designed to enhance the wealth and power of a nation-believed that a country could increase its wealth by increasing its gold
Bartolomeu Dias
-sailed south along the west coast of Africa and rounded its Southern cape, which he called Good Hope-first European to round the southern cape of Africa
Vasco da Gama
-sailed to India-returned to Portugal with a cargo of spices worth sixty times the cost of his expedition
Christopher Columbus
-thought that he could sail three thousand miles west to reach Japan, but his calculations were faulty-believed that the world was round
Amerigo Vespucci
-made two voyages to the Caribbean and South America-a German mapmaker named the New World after him instead of after Columbus
John Cabot
-reached Newfoundland in his search for a passage to China-to the English, he was known by a different name
Ferdinand Magellan
-determined that he could reach the Spice Islands of the East by sailing south around the Americas-set sail from Spain with 270 men and five ships-three years later, one of his ships arrived home with only eighteen original crew members left
cirumnavigate
-sail around the world
Martin Luther
-gained all of the attention throughout Europe-started the movement called Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
-Geneva's most influential leader-taught that salvation was God's work
What are the three basic group of Indians that employers encountered in Northern America?
The Pueblos, The Mound Builders, The Eastern Woodland Indians
Pueblo Indians
-probably the first Northern American Indians that the Spanish explores of the Southwest encountered -lived in small villages made up of two or three family groups
Mound Builders
-developed in what is now called the Midwest-noted for the hundreds of large mounds they built
Eastern Woodland Indians
-developed in the Southeast and along the Atlantic coast into the Northeast-were probably the first Indians the English, French, Dutch, and Swedish settlers encountered in the New World
What are the similarities between the three Indian groups?
Physical, Absence of a written language, Religion
Matriarchal society
-the women held power in the social structure and political decision making
Throughout the sixteenth century, the ____________ dominated the exploration and exploitation of the New World.
Spanish
Conquistador
-conqueror
Hernando Cortés
-the first great conquistador-disobeyed the governor of Cuba and conquered the strongest Indian tribe in Mexico
Montezuma
-the great Aztec king
Francisco de Coronado
-commanded an expedition that left Mexico in 1540 to explore what would later be the southwestern United States-while he was searching for there Seven Cities of Gold, he found the Grand Canyon
Juan Ponce de León
-sailed northwest from Puerto Rico in search of more rumored wealth-was the first to explore the Florida peninsula in 1513 when he sailed on behalf of Spain
Hernando de Soto
-landed at present-day Tampa Bay, Florida, where he began a meandering trek through Florida-eventually discovered the Mississippi River
Philip II
-was bent on crushing Protestantism in Western Europe (had much success doing so)-the king whose armada was defeated by the English
Sir Francis Drake
-defeated the Spanish Armada-an English Sea Dog-the Spanish viewed him as a pirate
Sir Walter Raleigh
-compiled for Queen Elizabeth a list of arguments favoring the colonization of North America-financed two attempts to colonize the New World in an area that he called Virginia in honor of the English queen
Elizabeth I
-the English queen whom Virginia was named after
Henry Hudson
-the area of the Northern Atlantic Coast of North America that is now New York was discovered and claimed for the Dutch by this person in 1609-this area was named New Netherland
_____________________ was rooted in new technologies and ideas coming from the Renaissance.
The Age of Exploration
After the marriage of Isabella to Ferdinand in 1469, _______ was committed to looking for more trade routes.
Spain
___________ earlier claims to territory in the New World rested on the voyages of John Cabot.
Englands
____________________ was dominating religion in Europe.
Protestant Reformation