Interferon alpha and beta are produced by
lymphocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts
Interferon alpha and inhibit
viral replication, activate NK cells
TNF-alpha
promotes inflammation via activated macrophages, also activates t-cells
TNF-alpha can be harmful by inducing
septic shock
Besides promoting inflammation, TNF-alpha also induces
fever
IL-1 is related to TNF-alpha because of its ability to
induce fever
Secreted antibody is mainly found in
plasma/serum
How is the light chain attached to the heavy chain?
disulfide bond
T/F there are two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains in the Ig structure
true
What gives the Ig its flexibility?
Hinge region
The antigen-binding site of the antibody is...
variable region
what does the constant region of the Ig does
mediate effector functions(compliment activation and binding IgG Fc receptors)
___ digestion cleaves ___ at the ___ region
Papain, IgG, hinge
___ digestion cleaves ___ below the ___ region
Pepsin, IgG, hinge
T/F B cells have genetic recombination to produce antibodies
true
Each antibody molecule has either
kappa or lamba chains
How many classes of light chains can a cell make?
1
IgM in the circulation exists as a
pentameric molecule
IgM has a high __ capacity
agglutinating
IgG works by
opsonization of antigens (higher affinity)
IgA serum circulates as
monomers
Secretory IgA
is in fluids, important against mucosal infections
Secretory IgA also contains a ______ which increases resistant to proteolytic cleavage
secretory chain
IgE is found...
on the surface of mast cells and basophils
IgE is important in fighting
parasites and allergies
isotopic variation
Ig classes and subclasses
allotypiic variation
variation of an isotope within a species (IgG vs IgG)
Idiotypic variation
antigenic diversity and specificity of the antigen binding site
5 effectors functions of antibodies are
1. neutralization2. complement fixation3. agglutination4. opsonization5.antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
TCR recognizes
membrane-associated antigens and linear determinants
For a T-cell to work, the antigen would need the ___ complex
MHC
T/F t-cell and b-cells recognize protein antigens only
false, b cell also does Nucleic acids, chemicals, etc
What cells express MHC class I?
all nucleated cells
What cells express MHC II?
T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells of the thymus.