Know these meds | Science

list oral hypoglycemic agents x3 classes

biguanides sulfonylureas Dpp-4 inhibitors

Biguanide example

Metformin

Metformin purpose/ action

anti diabetic. manage blood glucose. manage T2DM. can be used with diet, insulin, oral hypoglycemics Action: decrease hepatic glucose production, decrease intestinal glucose absorption, increase sensitivity to insulin.

Sulfonylureas examples x4

glipizide, glyburide, gliclazide, glimepiride.

Sulfonylureas purpose/ action

anti diabetic, lower blood sugar.stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity to insulin at receptor sites.

DPP-4 inhibitor example

Linagliptin

Linagliptin action / purpose

anti diabetic. manage T2DM. inhibits the enzyme DPP-4 which slows inactivation of incretin hormones so ... = more incretin hormone. this increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels.

3 classes of insulins

short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting.

Short acting insulin examples x2

Lispro and Humulin R

Humulin R and Lispro mechanism of action/ purpose/ onset

control blood sugar. stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat. inhibits glucose production. *can result in hypokalemia onset 10-30 mins and duration 30-60 mins

Intermediate acting insulin example

NPH

NPH action/ purpose/ onset

control hyperglycemiastimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat. inhibits glucose production. 2-4 hr onset... duration 10-16 hours

long acting insulin example

Glargine

glargine purpose/ action / onset

used in type 1 and type2 DMstimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat. inhibits glucose production. onset 3-4 hrs and duration 24 hr

List 8 classes of antibiotics

aminoglycosides, fluroquinalones, glycopeptides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, metronidazole, penicillins, macrolides

Aminoglycoside example

Gentamycin

gentamycin action/ purpose

anti- infective. management of infection. inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. bactericida action.

Fluoroquinalones example

ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin action/ purpose

anti infective. Treat various infections. inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.

glycopeptides example

vancomycin

vancomycin action/ purpose

binds to bacterial cell wall causing cell death IV- for life threatening infections.

carbapenems example

meropenem

meropenem purpose/ action

cell wall of bacteria to cause cell death. for skin, intra-abdominal, and bacterial meningitis infections.

cephalosporins examples x3

ceftriaxone, cephalexin, cefazolin

cephalosporin action

binds to cell wall causing bacterial death. various infections

Metronidazole example

Flagyl

flagyl

disrupts DNA and protein synthesis. for many infections also used as anti ulcer agent

penicillins example

Piperacillin-Tazobactam

extended spectrum penicillins. piperacillin binds to bacterial cell wall causing death. Tazobactam- inhibits enzyme that can destroy penicillins.

Macrolides example

Azithromycin

inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. used for respiratory infections, skin, otitis media... etc.

Anti-coagulant oral x2 classes

Directly acting oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonist

Directly acting oral anticoagulants example x 3

dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban.

Dabigatran

direct thrombin inhibitor

rivaroxaban

treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events and major cardiovascular events. selective factor X inhibitor that blocks active site of Xa inactivating the cascade of coagulation.

apixaban

selective, reversible site inhibitor of factor Xa... inhibiting both free and bound factor. decreases thrombin generation and thrombus formation. and inhibits thrombin induced platelet aggregation. treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events.

Vitamin K antagonist

Warfarin (Coumadin)

interferes with hepatic synthesis of vitamin k-dependent clotting factors. prevention of thromboembolic events.

Anticoagulant injectable x 2 classes and difference

low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparinLMWH has more predictable pharmokinetics sooo can be given in set doses without lab monitoring.

low molecular weight heparin examples x2

Enoxaparin and dalteparin

enoxaparin and dalteparin

potentiates the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin prevents thrombus formation.

Unfractionated Heparin

a fast-acting blood thinner that works together with antithrombin, a natural protein in the body, to block clot formation.

antiplatelet agents x3

aspirinclopidogrel ticagrelor

Aspirin

produce analgesia and reduce inflammation and fever by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. decrease platelet aggregation. reduces inflammation, reduces fever, analgesia, decrease transient ischemic attacks and MI.

clopidogrel

inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting the binding of ATP to platelet receptors reduction in risk of MI and stroke

ticagrelor

prevents signal transduction and platelet activation... inhibits platelet aggregation! reduce stroke risk, MI, stent thrombosis, cardiovascular death. ..

Beta blockers classes x2

beta 1 selective and nonselective

beta 1 selective example

Metoprolol

blocks stimulation of beta 1 (myocardial) adrenergic receptors. not 2 (pulmonary, vascular, uterine) decreases BP and HR .

non- selective beta blocker example

propranolol

blocks stimulation of beta 1 and beta 2 (pulmonary, vascular, uterine). decrease HR and BP, prevents MI, hemangioma resolution.

3 examples of calcium channel blockers

amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine

amlodipine

inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells ... resulting in inhibition of excitation-coupling and subsequent contraction. reduces BP, decrease angina,

Diltiazem and Nifedipine

inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells ... resulting in inhibition of excitation-coupling and subsequent contraction. systemic vasodilation for hypertension and angina.

ace inhibitor example

ramipril

Ramipril mechanism of action

angiotensin - converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. and prevent vasodilatory prostaglandins. and increase plasma renin levels and decrease aldosterone levels. net result is systemic vasodilation. Lowering BP in hypertension.

Nitrates

nitroglycerin patch or spray

nitroglycerin

increases coronary blood flow by dilating coronary arteries, vasodilation, decreases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular end diastolic volumerelief for anginas attacks, increased cardiac output, reduction of BP.

Digitalis

Digoxin

digoxin

increases force of myocardial contraction. prolongs refractory period of the AV node, decreases conduction through the SA and AV nodes. increased cardiac output and slowing of the HR

3 examples of statins

atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin.

atorvastatin, rososuvastatin, simvastatin action

lipid lowering agents inhibits HMG-CoA reductase which is an enzyme which is responsible for catalyzing an early step in the synthesis of cholesterol. lowers LDL and triglycerides. slows formation of atherosclerosis.

3 classes of diuretics

loop, thiazide, potassium sparing

loop diuretic example

Furosemide (Lasix)

inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henley and distal renal tubule. increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. diuresis and mobilization of excess fluid. decreased BP.

Thiazide example

hydrochlorothiazide

inhibits excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. wastes potassium. lowers BP and diuresis with mobilization of edema.

potassium sparing example

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

causes loss o sodium bicarb and calcium while saving potassium and hydrogen ions by antagonizing aldosterone. (aldosterone wants to retain) weak diuretic and antihypertensive when compared with other diuretics.

list the corticosteroids

dexamethasone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, fluticasone, budesonide, Advair.

corticosteroids

suppress inflammation and the normal immune response.

two examples of Proton Pump inhibitors

pantoprazole and esomeprazole

Pantoprozole and esomeprazole

binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen. lessened acid reflux, healing of duodenal ulcers and esophagitis, decreased acid secretion.

bronchodilators classes x3

long acting, short acting beta 2 agonist, short acting anticholinergic.

long acting bronchodilator

tiotropium bromide

acts as anticholinergic by selecting and reversibly inhibiting M3 receptors in smooth muscle of airways. decreased incidence and severity of bronchospasm in COPD and asthma.

short acting beta 2 agonists

Salbutamol

decreases intracellular calcium which relaxes smooth muscle and bronchodilationbronchodilation

Short acting anticholinergics

Ipratropium

local bronchodilation. without systemic anticholinergic effects.

Anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines x3 examples

lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam

lorazepam

depresses CNS probably by GABA an inhibitory neurotransmitter. sedation, decreased anxiety, decreased seizures.

clonazepam

anticonvulsant effects may be due to presynaptic inhibition. GABA receptors prevention of seizures, decreased manifestations of panic disorder

diazepam

depresses CNS , GABA, skeletal relaxation. relief of anxiety, sedation. amnesia, skeletal relaxation. decreased seizure.

antiemetic 3 classes

dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, antihistamines

dopamine antagonist examples x3

metoclopramide, haloperidol ( antipsychotic), domperidone

dopamine antagonist action

blocks dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone of CNS> stimulates motility of upper GI tract and accelerates gastric emptying. decreased nausea, vomiting, gastric states..

serotonin antagonist example

Ondansetron (Zofran)

blocks serotonin receptors, used for chemotherapeutic-induced emesis (radiation or surgery too) , headache is major side effect

anti-histamines antiemetic example

dimenhydrinate

inhibits vestibular stimulation... CNS depressant., anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antiemetic

analgesic x3 classes

narcotics (opioids), NSAIDS, Acetaminophen.

narcotics example

hydromorphone, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, Tylenol #3

narcotics action

binds to opiate receptors in the CNS, alters perception and response to painful stimuli, CNS depression, decrease moderate-severe pain

NSAIDs examples x3

ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac

NSAIDs action

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, decreased pain and inflammation. reduction of fever.

Acetaminophen

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, no anti inflammatory properties. analgesic, and antipyresis.

bowel protocol classes x3

osmotic laxative, stool softener, stimulant laxative

osmotic laxative example

lactulose

increases water content and softens stool. lowers pH of colon which inhibits the diffusion of ammonia from the colon into the blood, thereby reducing blood ammonia levels. relief of constipation, decreased blood ammonia levels with improved mental status.

stool softener example

Docusate

water into stool.. softer fecal mass. softening and passage of stool.

stimulant laxative examples x2

sennosides or senokot

sennoside (senokot)

active components of sennosides alter water and electrolyte transport in the large intestine, resulting in the accumulation of water and increased peristalsis laxative action.

Dabigatran - what is trade name?

Pradaxa

rivaroxaban -what is trade name?

xaralto

apixaban -what is trade name?

eliqus

warfarin -what is trade name?

Coumadin

enoxaparin -what is trade name?

lovenox

dalteparin -what is trade name?

fragmin

clopidogrel -what is trade name?

plavix

ticagrelor -what is trade name?

brilinta

amlodipine -what is trade name?

norvasc

-what is trade name? diltiazem

cardizem

-what is trade name? nifedipine

adalat

atorvastatin -what is trade name?

Lipitor

-what is trade name? rososuvastatin

Crestor

simvastatin -what is trade name?

zocor

-what is trade name? furosemide

lasix

spironolactone -what is trade name?

aldactone

-what is trade name? methylprednisolone

solumedrol

hydrocortisone -what is trade name?

Solu-cortef

Fluticasone-what is trade name?

Flovent

-what is trade name? budesonide

pulmicort

Advair -what is trade name?

fluticasone/ salmeterol

Pantoprazole -what is trade name?

pantoloc

-what is trade name? esomeprazole

Nexium

Tiotropium Bromide -what is trade name?

Spiriva

-what is trade name? salbutamol

Ventolin

ipratropium -what is trade name?

atrovent

lorazepam -what is trade name?

Ativan

Clonazepam-what is trade name?

klonopin

diazepam -what is trade name?

valium

metoclopramide -what is trade name?

maxeran

-what is trade name? haloperidol

Haldol

domperidone -what is trade name?

motilium

ondansetron -what is trade name?

zofran

dimenhydrinate -what is trade name?

gravol

hydromorphone -what is trade name?

dilaudid

ibuprofen -what is trade name?

Advil

decussate sodium -what is trade name?

colace