What type of engine does the aircraft have?
Avro Lycoming 0-235-L2C
What is the engine horsepower?
110 HP
How many gallons of useful fuel does the aircraft hold?
24.5 USEFUL , 26 TOTAL*
What type of oil should be used in this engine?
MIL-L-6082 Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil
What type of coolant is in the aircraft?
Air Cooled Engine*
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vr
Vr = Rotate Speed = 55 KIAS (Knots indicated air speed) (remember these speeds are for the C152, for other aircraft read their POH) -
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vx
Vx = Best Angle of Climb (Obstacle) = 55 KIAS - To remember this, remember that the "x" in "Vx" has a lot of angles in the letter, which makes "best angle of climb" easier to remember
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vy
Vy = Best Rate of Climb = 70 KIAS (67 technically, but use 70 for simplicity) = Above 10,000 feet this speed is 61 KIAS = This is the most efficient climb speed, but covers a lot of ground
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vg
Vg = Best Glide = 60 KIAS = FOR EMERGENCIES best glide speed distance when engine is out
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vne
Vne = Never Exceed = 149 KIAS = Never exceed this speed in this aircraft
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vno
Vno = Maximum Structural Cruise Speed = 111 KIAS = Only fly this speed in calm air and even then be extremely cautious
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Va
Va = Maximum Maneuvering Speed = 104 KTS = This speed is at maximum weight, at minimum weight this speed is 93 KTS
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vfe
Vfe = Maximum Flaps Extended Speed = 85 KTS = Only extend flaps when below this speed (white arc) and continue to ensure aircraft does not exceed this speed
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vs1
Vs1 = Stall Clean = 40 KTS* = Stall speed in "clean" configuration (No flaps, gear retracted)
Please define in your own words and list the speed for each of the following in the aircraft: Vs0
Vs1 = Stall Dirty = 35 KTS* = Stall speed in "dirty" configuration (flaps fully extended, gear down)
What is the maximum demonstrated crosswind component for the aircraft?
12 KTS*
What is the service ceiling of the aircraft?
14,700 FT
What is the distance to clear a 50 foot obstacle on a standard day?
1340 FT
What is the landing distance over when landing over a 50 foot obstacle on a standard day?
1200 FT
What is the maximum RPM setting? For how long?
2,550 RPM's, POH doesn't state how long, but high RPM's should not be held for long periods. Use 75% throttle when not climbing or maneuvering*
Please describe the loss of engine procedures for the aircraft.
ABC's A= AIRSPEED (60 KIAS)B = BEST PLACE TO LANDC = CHECKLIST (Emergency checklist)
What is the maximum gross weight of the aircraft?
1670 LBS
What is the empty weight of the aircraft?
1101 LBS*
What is the useful load of the aircraft?
574 LBS
With full fuel, how much weight can you carry in the aircraft?
413 LBS
What preflight actions are required before any flight?
? Weather, checklist, etc
List the minimum equipment and instruments that must be working properly in your aircraft for flight
FAR 91.205 & 91.207
How many hours are required between consuming alcohol and flying?
8 Hours
What is the maximum blood alcohol content to legally operate an aircraft?
0.04
What are the weather minimums, as defined on your solo endorsement?
?
What altitude should you fly when operating in level cruising flight at more than 3,000 feet agl?
Magnetic Course 0-179° = ODD thousand + 500 FTExample = 170° heading, flying at 5,500 FTMagnetic Course 180-359° = EVEN thousand + 500 FTExample = 300° heading, flying at 4,500 FT
Why is it necessary to drain fuel from the fuel sumps? When should this be done?
To check for water / particles - should be done before every flight and after fueling aircraft
What type and grade of fuel is used in the aircraft?
100LL (100 Low Lead) otherwise known as AvGas
How do you check the oil level in the aircraft?
By checking the dipstick
Will the engine run with the master switch turned off? Why?
Yes. because the magnetos (creates the spark for piston combustion) run on their own independent system
What is the maximum allowable flap setting for takeoff in the aircraft?
? - 10°
What documents and endorsements are you required having in your possession to legally operate the airplane as a student pilot?
ARROW + EndorsementA - Airworthiness certificateR - Registration R - Radio certificate (ONLY for international travel)O - Owners ManualW - Weight & Balance (NOT the calculated W&B, this is the weight from the factory)+ Solo endorsement if flying as student solo+ Class Bravo endorsement if student solo into class B airspace (Generally N/A unless training out of class B)
Do you need your logbook in your possession when you fly solo? Why/Why not?
Yes, if your solo endorsement is attached to your logbook. Otherwise, the logbook is not required (endorsement is required, however)
During a magneto check, what is the maximum RPM drop?
125 RPM's *
Draw a runway and a traffic pattern and label each leg.
Upwind, Crosswind, Downwind, Base, Final (See handout for drawn pattern)
Which turn direction is standard for a traffic pattern?
Pattern is usually LEFT TRAFFIC unless otherwise specified on the chart supplement
How do you enter and exit the traffic pattern at an uncontrolled airport?
45° into the downwind leg of the pattern, or if entering from otherside, teardrop meanuever over the field 500-1000ft above pattern altitude then a right spiral into the 45° into the downwind leg of the pattern
Describe "Wake turbulence
• Wake turbulence is caused by the wingtip vortices generated by aircraft wings when generating lifto Depends on: Weight, speed, and wing shape• Can cause rapid changes in RW behind the aircraft
In which type of aircraft and in which configuration is this (wake turbulence) most prominent?
Heavy airplane when it's producing lift
What is proper procedure to avoid wake turbulence?
Fly ABOVE wake path of preceding aircraft, land in front of their touch down point and take off before their lift off point (Watch a wake turbulence visualization video to understand this concept and purpose)
When are you required to wear a safety belt? Shoulder harness?
Seat belt ALWAYS when aircraft is moving, shoulder harness if installed and when not maneuvering
What must a pilot do before entering Class D airspace?
Adhere to Class D weather minimumsHave a functional two-way radio onboardEstablish & Maintain two-way ATC radio communication prior to entering the airspace
What is the minimum altitude you can fly anywhere?
An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
What is the minimum altitude you can fly over congested areas?
Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.
What is the minimum altitude you can fly over sparsely populated areas or open water?
The aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
List the documents that must be aboard the aircraft at all times
ARROW + EndorsementA - Airworthiness certificateR - Registration R - Radio certificate (ONLY for international travel)O - Owners ManualW - Weight & Balance (NOT the calculated W&B, this is the weight from the factory)+ Solo endorsement if flying as student solo+ Class Bravo endorsement if student solo into class B airspace (Generally N/A unless training out of class B)
Who has the final authority and responsibility for the operation of the aircraft when you are flying solo?
The pilot (you!)
Can you operate in Class B airspace as a student pilot?
Generally NO, unless you have a Class Bravo airspace endorsement from your instructor
What is the minimum fuel requirement for VFR day conditions?
You need enough fuel to fly to your first landing point and then still have 30 minutes of fuel remaining at a normal cruise speed.
What is the minimum fuel requirement for VFR night conditions?
You need enough fuel to fly to your first landing point and then still have 45 minutes of fuel remaining at a normal cruise speed.
If the altimeter setting is not available at an airport, what setting should you use before departing on a local flight?
Adjust altimeter so that it equals the airport altitude as described on the chart
What are the additional limitations on your solo endorsement?
?
What are the limitations of a student pilot, as stated in Part 61.89 of the Federal Aviation Regulations?
(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:(1) That is carrying a passenger;(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;(3) For compensation or hire;(4) In furtherance of a business;
What must you do before practicing maneuvers?
Perform clearing turns
When practicing Steep Turns, Stalls, and Slow Flight, the entry altitude must allow a recovery to be completed no lower than
1500FT AGL
When two aircraft of the same category are converging head-on, which way do you turn to avoid the other aircraft?
To the right
Give three situations that would necessitate a go-around.
Avoiding a conflict on a runwayWhen ordered by towerWhen on a poor final approach
List the procedure for a go-around.
Full power (carb heat in)Positive pitch to for safe altitudeFrom full flaps, go to 20° , wait 5 seconds, 10° wait 5 seconds, then 0°Radio calls when able, should be done in between retracting flaps.
What is required to become a Private Pilot?
At least 17 years oldHold at least a 3rd class medicalRead write and speak EnglishMeet the aeronautical experience requirements Pass written >=70%Ground & flight training endorsements
What are your privileges and limitations as a private pilot?
Cannot pay less than pro-rata share with passengersCan demonstrate aircraft to buyer if you're an aircraft salesman or broker + 200hrs of logged timePIC of aircraft towing glider 14 CFR 61.69PIC of aircraft in connection to business ONLY if incidental to that business and is not flown for hire
How to remain current with PPL?
within 24 calendar months - flight reviewCarrying passengers day - 3 landings within 90 daysCarrying passengers night - 3 landings at night to full stop within 90 daysPassengers Taildragger - 3 landings to full stop for day and night
What documents are required on board an aircraft prior to flight?
A.R.R.O.WA - Airworthiness CertificateR - Registration (federal)R - Radio certificate (international only)O - Operations & LimitationsW - Weight and balance
What inspections are required for your aircraft?
AVIATESA - A/D'sV - VOR (IFR ONLY, check every 30 days)I - Inspections (Annual)A - Altimeter (IFR ONLY, 24 calendar months)T - Transponder (24 calendar months)E - ELT (24 cal months)S - Static System Check (IFR Only, 24 calendar months)
100 hour vs annual?
All aircraft required to get annual every 12 months - A&P IA (Inspection Authorization)For hire - 100hr required, A&P
Can a 100 hour take the place of an annual?
No. However, an annual can take the place of a 100hr
What is an MEL?
Minimum Equipment ListEquipment allowed to be broken and still fly the plane
Explain the three types of medicals:
1st Class - ATP's required to have, duration 6 monthsDistance 20/20 in each eye, near vision 20/40Distinguish red, green, whiteNormal field of vision, normal field of hearing2nd Class - Commercial cert required to have, duration 12 monthsSame medical requirements as first class3rd Class - Duration - 60 calendar months UNDER 40 YEARS OF AGE, 24 calendar months OVER 40 YEARS OF AGEDistance 20/40 in each eye. near vision 20/40Distinguish red, green, whiteNormal field of vision, normal field of hearing
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen to the brain
What are four types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic hypoxia - Most common, at high altitudeHypemic hypoxia - anemia, oxygen is available but not enough good blood to carry oxygen. CO poisoning Stagnant hypoxia - reduced cardiac output, pump isnt working well or due to high G situationsHistotoxic Hypoxia - When all systems working, but cells cant take oxygen from the blood (alcohol, cyanide poisining)
What are symptoms of hypoxia?
HeadacheDizzinessBlueing of extremitiesEuphoria
Explain hyperventilation
Indications of hypoxia and hyperventilation are similarControl breathing or breath into paper bag (rebreath C02)
Name 8 types of spacial disorientation
The leans - quick correction Coriolis Illusion - quick head movement gives sensation of different movementGraveyard spin - exiting a spin it feels like spin in opposite direction, re-enter original spinGraveyard spiral - while turning, you've lost altitude. Sensory makes you feel like you're in level flight so you pitch up, you're actually in a turn so you lose even more altitude. The spiral will continue unless fixed by the pilotSomatogravic illusion - rapid acceleration during takeoff pushes pilot back in seat giving sensation of nose up attitude so the pilot pushes the nose downInversion illusion - Climb to level flight feel as they are tumbling backwards. Nosing over intensifies illusionsElevator illusion - Updraft = extreme vertical acceleration the pilot mistakes for a climbFalse horizon - City lights, sloping clouds, darkness. Misinterpret where the horizon actually isAutokinesis - Staring at light at night, the light begins to move
What is standard temperature and pressure?
Standard Temp - 15° C / 59° FStandard Pressure - 29.92in
What are the the three main layers of the atmosphere?
TroposphereTropopauseStatosphere
The cause of all weather is a result of a ____?
Heat exchange
Wind is a result of _______?
Changes or differences in pressure
Name the four main types of fog?
Radiation FogAdvection FogUpslope fogSteam fog
Explain Radiation fog
Night, clear skies, calm winds. Heat absorbed on the earths surface is radiated into space. If enough moisture in the air is present, humidity reaches 100%. 3ft - 1000ft, always ground level. NO WIND, if wind it goes away
Explain Advection fog
Looks like radiation fog. Condensation caused by horizontal movement of warm moist air over cold surface. Example: Sea fogs. WIND REQUIRED
Explain Upslope fog
Light wind pushes moist air up a mountain / hill side where the air becomes saturated
Explain Steam fog
Sufficient water vapor is added to the air by evaporation. Moist air mixes with drier cooler air. Cool air mixes with warm moist air, humidity reaches 100%. Wisps of smoke rising off surface of water.
Stable vs unstable air
Stable air - calmstatoform cloudscontinuous precipsmooth airfair to poor visibility / hazeUnstable air - turbulentcumulus cloudsshowery precipgood visibilitystrong surface winds
What is an airmass?
Large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties throughoutLarge flat areas with stagnant air
What is a front?
Transition zone between two air masses of different densitiesHorizontal and vertical in the air
What are the four main types of fronts?
cold frontswarm frontsstationary frontsoccluded fronts
Explain cold and warm fronts:
Cold: leading edge of colder air that replaces warmer airWarm: leading edge of warmer air that replaces cooler air
Explain Stationary fronts:
Front that is not moving
Explain occluded front:
When a cold front catches up to a warm front
What causes turbulence?
Convective currentsObstructions to wind flowWind shear
Name the three types of icing:
Clear IceRime IceMixed Icing
Explain Clear Icing
Hard and glossy forms after impact of large drops freeze sheet like over the airfoil
Explain Rime Icing
Brittle and frost like, small drops that freeze rapidly before the drop has time to spread across the airfoil
Explain Mixed Icing
Hard and rouge, when drops vary in size or snow is mixed in with the rain
What three ingredients must be present for a thunderstorm to develop?
Sufficient Water VaporUnstable Lapse RateAn uplifting action
Explain Lapse Rate
The lapse rate is the rate at which an atmospheric variable, normally temperature in Earth's atmosphere, falls with altitude.
What are the three stages of a thunderstorm?
Cumulus - Initial updraftsMature - Beginning of falling precipDissipating - Large downdrafts as storm rains itself out
What are isobars?
Lines depicted on a weather chart showing areas of like pressure.
How long are METAR's valid for?
Hourly, unless special METAR (signifigant weather changes)
When are METAR's issued?
55 minutes past the hour
In terms of temperature and dew point spread, when do we need to worry about fog, mist, and low visibility?
When they are 3° or less apart
In terms of METAR's, what are the four different cloud amount abbreviations and what do they represent?
FEW - Few - up to 2/8 of the sky is coveredSCT - Scattered - up to 4/8 of the sky is coveredBKN - Broken - up to 7/8 of the sky is coveredOVC - Overcast - up to 8/8 of the sky is covered
When are TAF's valid for?
24 hours
When are TAF's issued?
4 times daily (Every 6 hours)
What information is required in a PIREP?
UA or UUA - Routine or UrgentOV - "Over", the location of the PIREP TM - Time PIREP received from pilotFL - Flight Level (alt above sea level)TP - Aircraft type
What is a prognostic chart?
- forecast chart up to 24,000ft- issued 4 times daily, provides 12 hour and 24 hour forecast for a given region
What is a surface analysis chart?
Depicts the weather conditions as they were a few hours earlier (as time stamped on the chart)
What is a weather depiction chart?
A computer generated chart based on METAR reports that gives a broad overview of the flying conditions at that time. The chart begins at 01Z every day and is updated every 3 hours, ONLY valid at the time of issuance
What is the difference between an AIRMET, SIGMET, and convective SIGMET?
AIRMET - Less severe conditions which may be hazardous to small aircraftSIGMET - Severe and extreme conditionsConvective SIGMET - Thunderstorms if sufficiently strong or widely spread or embedded
Name the three types of AIRMETs?
TANGO - Turbulence and surface winds greater than 30ktsSIERRA - IFR conditions or mountain obscurationsZULU - Icing
What are Center Weather Advisories (CWA)?
Issued by control centersSIGMET and AIRMET type conditions in greater details for specific air routes
What four forces are always acting on an airplane?
LiftWeightThrustDrag
What is Angle of Attack (AOA)?
Acute angle between CHORD LINE of the airfoil and the direction of the relative wind
Define relative wind
The direction of the wind with respect to an airfoil
What is brunullis principle?
Main principle which explains how lift is createdAirflow over upper surface of the airfoil is faster than air under the airfoil.
What is a stall?
Sudden loss of liftAOA increases to a point where flow of air breaks away from the surface of the wing (strings on an airfoil video)
What affects stall speed?
Weight Center of Gravity
How does CG affect the aircraft?
Forward CG - More stable, higher stall speed, lower cruise speedAft CG - Less stable, lower stall speed, higher cruise speed
Explain P-Factor
Right rudder due to climb is because of P-FactorHelicopter blades exampleHigh AOA with propeller blades
What are the two types of drag?
Parasite drag Induced drag
Explain parasite drag
Skin DragForm Draginterference drag
Explain Induced drag
Increases with speed
Explain load factor
The load the wings are supporting divided by the total weight of the airplaneRatio between lift of wings by the total weight of the aircraft
How does an increased load factor increase stall speed?
Heavier loaded airplane has a higher stall speedHigher AOA required for takeoff
What causes a spin?
Spin results from an aggravated stall, yawing motion, excessive rudder inputBoth wings stalled, but one more than other. This leads to corkscrew movement of plane
What is proper spin recovery?
PAREP - Power backA - Ailerons neutralR - Rudder opposite (of spin)E - Elevator forward
When are spins most likely to occur?
During a stall
Define ground effect
When you're flying very close to the ground, the ground limits your wingtip vortices - they can't get as big. So, they cause less downwash. This reduces induced drag
Explain adverse yaw
Nose of aircraft turns away from intended direction of turnDrag from down aileron on higher wing has more drag than the up aileron of the lower wing
Define standard empty weight
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