malignant
______ tumors invade local tissues and can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, through blood and lymphatic vessels.
hemangiosarcoma
______ is a sarcoma that arises from blood vessels.
behave more aggressively
Tumor grade can have prognostic value, and higher-grade tumors are expected to
lymphoma
In dogs, the most common clinical presentation of ______ is a middle-aged dog with multiple markedly enlarged lymph nodes.
mast cell tumors
______ are the most common malignant skin tumors of dogs.
morphine
______ can cause mast cell tumor activation and histamine release that may result in severe hypotension. Therefore, use of this drug is contraindicated in mast cell tumor patients.
osteosarcoma
______ occurs most commonly in middle-aged, large breed dogs. It primarily affects the bones of the appendicular skeleton.
squamous cell carcinoma
The most common malignant oral tumor found in cats is
connective
Sarcomas arise from mesenchymal tissue, which is ______ tissue.
seed tumor cells to additional sites, cause degranulation of tumor cells thereby releasing harmful chemical mediators, and result in a nondiagnostic sample
Use of sloppy or improper biopsy or aspiration techniques of tumors may
excisional
______ biopsy attempts to remove the entire tumor.
programmed cell death
Apoptosis is defined as
radiation
______ treatment uses high-energy waves to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
palliative
______ radiation is used to reduce pain associated with the presence of a tumor and to improve the patient's quality of life.
white hair
After radiation therapy, the skin within the radiation field may have depigmentation, hyperpigmentation, leukotrichia, or alopecia. Leukotrichia means
nerve cells
Most traditional chemotherapy agents target metabolically active, rapidly dividing cells. These agents are not specific to cancer cells, however, and normal cells that are also metabolically active and rapidly dividing will be affected by these treatments as well. These normal cells don't include
chemotherapy-rated gloves, double-gloving with latex gloves, and gloves with no powder
Proper PPE for handling chemotherapeutic drugs involves
vesicants
Some chemotherapy agents, called ______, cause severe tissue irritation, blistering, and sloughing of skin and tissue if they are accidentally administered outside the vein.
multidrug resistance
Some dogs have a mutation in the ______ (MDR1) gene that results in an increased sensitivity to certain medications, including select chemotherapeutic agents.
anaphylaxis
______ is a serious and life-threatening allergic reaction to chemotherapy that may include difficulty breathing, hypersalivation, increased heart rate add blood pressure, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hyperemic mucous membranes with increased capillary refill time, and swelling of the face, tongue, or throat.
cachexia
______ is a metabolic derangement seen in cancer patients with advanced disease. The syndrome involves muscle wasting and loss of the body's fat stores.
sarcoids
______ are the most common type of skin tumor in horses.
proto-oncogenes
Genes that promote cancer growth are called
carcinoma
What term is used to represent a tumor that arises from an epithelial tissue?
early detection
In addition to choosing the appropriate treatment, what is the most important factor for long-term treatment success when faced with a cancer diagnosis?
thorax
Radiography of the ______ is most commonly used initially to evaluate the presence or absence of metastasis?
the patient's age
What is not considered one of the four aspects of oncologic disease that allow for accurate staging of the cancer's progression?
surgery
What is the most likely treatment to provide a positive, long-term outcome in a cancerous animal?
doses should be as high as possible and delivered for short periods
What is generally true regarding the doses and delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs?
after the first dose
When do signs of acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS) occur in relation to chemotherapy administration?
to improve the patient's quality of life
What is the goal of palliative care?
the patient's hair
What would not reasonably pose a risk for chemotherapeutic agent exposure to a client?
squamous cell carcinoma
What type of cancer is found in cattle with pale, nonpigmented areas of a skin that are subject to prolonged exposure to sunlight?
mutagens
Environmental toxins that give rise to DNA mutations are called
after 5 to 7 days
When should you typically expect the neutrophil count to reach its lowest level in relationship to the animal receiving a chemotherapy dose?
hypercalcemia
The most common paraneoplastic syndrome seen in veterinary medicine is
carcinomas
______ arise from epithelial tissues, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and glandular structures, and they usually appear as a discrete mass.
sarcomas
______ arise from mesenchymal tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and other connective tissues.
lymphoma
______ is a cancer of immune system cells in which malignant lymphocytes clonally proliferate in lymph tissues throughout the body.
meningioma
Although a ______ is benign, it can cause severe neurological dysfunction because it localizes in the delicate brain and spinal cord.