What is the genitourinary system composed of?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Geinourinary system function
filtering blood, regulating BP, adjusting pH, regulating osmotic concentrations of the blood
Kidneys
bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdominal area against the back muscle
Which kidney is slightly higher and why?
left kidney, to accommodate the liver
What does the cardiovascular system help with?
filtering blood
Urea
nitrogenous waste from metabolic break down of proteins
Where is urea made?
liver
________ enters each kidney through ___________ ____________ and the kidney ________ _______ ____________
blood, renal artery, filters the blood
Where is urine stored?
urinary bladder
Micturition
urination
Renal Cortex
outer layer of the kidney
Renal medulla
inner layer of the kidney
Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?
renal cortex
Why do the renal pyramids appear striped?
because they are groups of parallel nephrons
How many nephrons are in each kidney?
over 1 million
Nephrons
primary functional cells of the kidney
Renal Corpuscular Capsule
cube-like sac at the end of nephrons
Renal corpuscular Corpuscle is also called
bowman's capsule
Glomerulus
cluster of capillaries enclosed by bowman's capsule
urea and nutients are diffused from ___________ into _____________ ______________
glomerus, bowmans capsule
where do ureters lead
the bladder
filtered blood returns to the body through the
renal vein
short term regulation of blood pressure
performed by autonomic nerous system
long term regulation of blood pressure
performed by genitourinary system
Perfusion
passage of fluid into tissue
What do renal perfusion pressure and kidneys control
extracellular volume
extracellular volume plays an important role in
arterial blood pressure
Renal artery perfusion pressure
regulates the excretion of sodium
Low sodium levels
low blood volume
What happens when potassium levels are too high the kidneys release a hormone called
renin
Renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin II
causes renal tubules to retain water and sodium while excreting excess potassium
Erythropoietin
primarily produced by kidneys
Erythropoietin function
stimulates bone marrow cells to produce red blood cells
Osmosis
the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmolarity is determined by the
concentration of the solutions on either side of the cell wall
Antidiuretic Hormone is released by
hypothalamus in response to increased blood plasma or thirst
If blood pH is not balanced the tubular cells of the kidneys can
regulate the reabsorption of bicarbonate
Bicarbonate
can increase and decrease acid secretion
Kidneys can secrete bicarbonate by
decreasing hydrogen ion secretion and lowering the rate of ammonium secretion
UTI most commonly found in what part of the body
the bladder, but can infect anywhere in urinary tract
UTI is more common in
women
Nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
Urolithiasis
formation of stones in genitourinary system
Glomerulonephritis
acute inflammation of the glomeruli in kidneys
Renal cyst
sacs of fluid that form in kidneys, usually harmless
Renal cysts are common as
the body ages
Renal Failure
failure of the kidney to function properly, dialysis may be needed
Dialysis
artificial method that removes excess water and filters the blood