define hormones
cell-to-cell communication molecules
where are hormones made
glands or cells
how are hormones transported
by blood
what is the function of hormones
activates physiological repsonse
hormone down regulation
decrease in number of receptors
hormone up regulation
increase in number of receptors
define hypofunction of endocrine system
inadequate hormone production
etiologies of hypofunction
-congenital defects-destruction of gland-receptor defects-drugs-aging
define hyperfunction of endocrine s\ystem
excessive hormone production
etiologies of hyperfunction
-excessive stimulation-hyperplasia-hormone producing tumor
what tells the pituitary gland what to release into the blood?
hormones from hypothalamus
what tells the specific peripheral glands to produce and secrete their hormones
tropic hormones from pituitary
hypothalamus controls
secretion of pituitary
pituitary attached to hypothalamus by
infundibulum
posterior pituitary is extension of neural tissue. AKA
neurohypophysis
anterior pituitary is true endocrine gland. AKA
adenohypophysis
function of posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus
what hormones are secreted by posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
-oxytocin-antidiuretic hormone
what hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
-human growth hormone (hGH)-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-prolactin (PRL)-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-luteinizing hormone (LH)
function of human growth hormone (hGH) or AKA somatotropin
stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors in the liver that promote growth, protein synthesis
function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) AKA thyrotropin
stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyoid hormones by thyroid
function of prolactin (PRL)
promotes milk secretion by mammary glands
function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) AKA corticotropin
stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex
function of gonadotropin: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-ovaries initiates development of oocytes-testes stimulate sperm production
function of gonadotropin: luteinizing hormone (LH)
-ovaries stimulates ovulation-testes stimulates testosterone production
growth hormone secretion is stimulated by
hypoglycemia, fasting, starvation, and stress
growth hormone is inhibited by
increased glucose levels, free fatty acid release, and obesityand cortisol
juvenile GH deficiency:idiopathic GH deficiency
lacking hypothalamic GHRH
juvenile GH deficiency:pitiutary tumors agenesis of the pituitary
cannot produce GH
juvenile GH deficiency:laron-type dwarfism
hereditary defect in IGF production
growth hormone excess:in childhood
gigantism
growth hormone excess:in adulthood
acromegaly
excessive adrenal secretion:hypercortisolism
cushing syndrome
adrenal cortical insufficiency
addison disease
adrenal androgen disorders
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
what secretes steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
which part of the adrenal cortex secretes catecholamines
adrenal medulla
what part of the adrenal cortex secretes sex hormones
zona reticularis
what part of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids
zona fasciculata
what part of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone
zona glomerulosa
cushings syndrome
condition resulting from chronic exposure to excessive circulating glucocorticoid levels
about 68% of cushing disease cases have etiology of
pituitary adenoma (anterior pituitary tumor)
about 17% of cushing's disease cases have etiology of
functional adrenocortical tumor (more common in women then men)
about 15% of cushing's disease cases have etiology of
ectopic ACTH secretion (lung cancers. more common in men than women)
glucocorticoid treatment
latrogenic
clinical manifestations of cushing's disease
-altered fat metabolism (buffalo hump, moon face)-purple stiae-muscle weakness-osteoporosis-hypogonadism-immune suppression
clinical manifestation of addison's disease
-weakness, lethargy, fatique, anorexia, N&V-hypoglycemia-hyperpigmentation-vitiligo-loss of pubic hair (women)
how to diagnose cushing's disease
dexamethasone suppression test-HDST-LDST-ACTH
treatment for addison's disease
oral replacement therapy with steroids (both mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids activity)
define primary hyperaldosteronism
excessive secretion by adrenal cortex
define secondary hyperaldosteronism
excessive secretion of renin from the JG apparatus of the kidneys
what can be the cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
aldosterone secreting adenoma
what can be the cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism
-renal ischemia-decreased intravascular volume-sodium wasting disorders (chronic renal failure)-renine secreting tumors
problems with hyperaldosteronism
sodium retention and hydrogen/potassium excretion which can cause0hypertension-left ventricular enlargement-alkalosis-hypokalemia
treatment for hyperaldosteronism
-surgery to remove adenoma-aldosterone antagonist
adrenal androgen:
-androstenedione- (DHEA) dehydroepiandrosterone
secretion of androgens do what
mimic cortisol which stimulates ACTH
effects of adrenal androgens
-anabolic-masculinizing-women : lipido and orgasm