Geology Lab Final

atolls

oldest, most erosion Circular shaped islands made of coral, volcano under water

fringing reef

youngest, A reef attached to the shore of a continent or island.

barrier reef

A coral reef surrounding an island or lying parallel to the shore of a continent, separated from land by a deep lagoon. Coral debris islands may form along the reef.

These seamounts, which are made of ocean crust, shrink as they move further away from their origin. This is likely because the temperature of the crust __________ and becomes ________ dense as it moves away from its origin at the mid-ocean ridge

decreases, more

guyots

discovered by Hess, flat topped seamounts which he interpreted as drowned atolls

The stripes are ________ relative to the mid-ocean ridge. Additionally, the order of the color-coded magnetic stripes are _________________ the stripes on the other side of the mid-ocean ridge. Comparing the width of the stripes near the mid-ocean ridge and those of the Epochs in the bottom portion of figure 7.29, stripes that are____________ represent a short amount of time and stripes that are ________ represent a large amount of time.

parallel, the same as, narrow, wide

Below is figure 7.33 (page 122), which shows the two ways geologists divide the Earth's layers. While most subdivision boundaries are different between the two schemes, the boundary between the _________________ in the composition scheme and the outer ___________________ in the state scheme is the same in terms of depth beneath the surface.

core/mantle, outer core/methosphere

The shape that is created by the distribution of earthquakes near Tonga trench is a ________________ . These earthquakes are located __________________ to the trench and volcanic islands.

plane/tongue-shaped, perpendicular

If we were to assume that the temperatures of the Pacific Ocean are the same today as they were 58 million years ago, the most likely explanation for why the fossil corals are found on Suiko Seamount, despite its depth (5,000 feet below sea level) and northerly latitude, is that the Suiko Seamount (as well as the Emperor Seamounts and Midway Islands) ___________.was part of an ancient underwater landslidewas once located over the hot spot that is currently under Hawai'iwas home to corals that preferred cold, exceptionally deep watersthe fossil corals were misidentified and are actually volcanic rocks

was once located over the hot spot that is currently under Hawai'i

When the Emperor Seamounts were being formed, the Pacific Plate was moving ________. However, when the Midway Islands and the Islands of Hawai'i were being formed, the Pacific Plate moved/is moving to the _________________ .

North, Northwest

came up with the idea of continental drift

Alfred Wegener

plates that separate

divergent

plates that collide

convergent

plates that slide past one another

transform

stable sheets of crust

lithospheric plates

convergent boundary, one sinks below the other forms this

trench

what causes plates to move apart at divergent boundaries

sea-floor spreading

stationary magma bodies ex Hawaii and Yellowstone

hot spots

what 5 factors make a mineral a mineral?

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite internal structure, specific chemical composition

What are minerals made up of?

atoms

What do atoms contain?

protons, neutrons, electrons

type of bonding that transfers electrons to fill shells

ionic

physical properties of minerals

-color-streak-luster-hardness-specific gravity-crystal habit-fracture - cleavage (1 plane)

In class, you were provided a set of four (4) unknown minerals and were asked to test the hardness of those minerals and place them in order from softest to hardest. Our hope is that you made the same observations as is stated below. For simplicity's sake, you will be putting the minerals in order of hardness on a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 being the softest and 4 being the hardest.Sample 2 scratched: fingernail, copper penny, nail, glass, streak plate.Sample 10 scratched: fingernail. Sample 10 was scratched by: copper penny, nail, glass, streak plate.Sample 11 was scratched by: fingernail, copper penny, nail, glass, streak plate.Sample 28 scratched: fingernail, copper penny. Sample 28 was scratched by nail, glass, streak plate.

11, 10, 28, 2

A volcanic neck is a _______________ that has been exposed by erosion of surrounding rocks. Becausethe volcanic neck formed __________________________ , it is ___________ .

lava conduit, beneath Earth's surface, intrusive

tells us how the rock cooled

texture

what minerals are made up of

composition

light colored minerals, least dense

felsic

light and dark minerals

intermediate

dark colored minerals

mafic

green, mantle type rocks

ultramafic

rocks formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, short cooling time

extrusive

formed within the earth, long cooling time ex lava conduit

intrusive

igneous texture that rapidly cools with no crystals

glassy texture

igneous texture that has microscopic crystals

aphanitic

igneous texture with coarse grained and visible textures

phaneritic

igneous texture with 2 distinct crystal sizes

porphyritic

igneous texture that has lots of holes frames from air bubbles

vesicular

rocks formed from erosion, transportations, deposition of materials

sedimentary rock

type of weathering in which wind and water transports in an arid environment

physical/ mechanical

type of weathering in which water transport is dissolved elements in solution through rocks in humid/ damp environments

chemical weathering

composition of metamorphic rock that is formed from the lithification of bits of rock

detrital (clastic)

composition of metamorphic rock that is formed by the compaction of things like leaves, peat, shells/shell fragments

organic (bioclastic)

composition of metamorphic rock that is formed by chemical precipitation or alteration

chemical

texture of detrital grain shape

angular or rounded

texture of detrital grain sorting

poorly, mod, mod-well, well sorted

2 rock masses slip past each other

fault

where the fault occurs

hypocenter/ focus

directly above the hypocenter

epicenter

earthquakes produce these 2 types of waves

body waves and surface waves

type of wave that travels through the Earth

Body waves

appear 1st od seismographs, compressional waves

p waves

appear 2nd on seismograph

S waves

waves that travel across the Earth's surface

surface waves

surface waves that travel up and down in small circles

Rayleigh waves

surface waves that travel forward but shake sideways

...

surface waves that travel forward but shake sideways

love waves

record produced by seismographs

seismographs

how many points do you need to calculate the epicenter of an earthquake

3

instrument that measures around motion of Earthquakes

Richter Scale

This reason that the fields of Mercalli intensity aren't bounded by perfect concentric circles is because the Mercalli intensity scale measures the intensity of __________ waves which travel through ____________________________ , while the Richter scale measures the intensity of ___________ waves which travel through ________________________________

surface, the surface of the earth, body, the interior of the earth

eventual rupture at a plate boundary

elastic rebound

Streams in arid climates, such as the streams in Figure 9.4 above, the dry air and soil have an effect on the sediment carrying capacity of a stream because ___________.

dry air and soil can absorb water, decreasing stream discharge

a _______________ stream has steep valleys near the stream but the surrounding topography is flat

younger

a ____________ stream has more rounded stream divides and floodplains are more developed

mature

a ________ stream has overlapping stream deposits and flat floodplains that dominate the landscape

old

Carbon-12 molecules vibrate ____________ than carbon-13 molecules, allowing carbon-12 molecules to experience ________ collisions when taken up by chloroplasts during photosynthesis.

faster, more

where groundwater is stored

aquifer

ratio of the open spaces relative to the rock or regolith volume

porosity

ability of soil, sediment, or rock to transmit fluid

permeability

sinking of the land surface

subsidence

porosity that develops at the the sediment or rock accumulates, develop as grains are deposited

primary porosity

porosity that develops long after the rock originates, develop as rocks fracture

secondary porosity

produces methane, a type of bacteria that doesn't live and grow where oxygen is present, smells like rotten eggs

anaerobic bacteria

produces carbon dioxide, a type of bacteria that lives and grows where oxygen is present

aerobic bacteria

instrument that records earthquakes

seismographs