atolls
oldest, most erosion Circular shaped islands made of coral, volcano under water
fringing reef
youngest, A reef attached to the shore of a continent or island.
barrier reef
A coral reef surrounding an island or lying parallel to the shore of a continent, separated from land by a deep lagoon. Coral debris islands may form along the reef.
These seamounts, which are made of ocean crust, shrink as they move further away from their origin. This is likely because the temperature of the crust __________ and becomes ________ dense as it moves away from its origin at the mid-ocean ridge
decreases, more
guyots
discovered by Hess, flat topped seamounts which he interpreted as drowned atolls
The stripes are ________ relative to the mid-ocean ridge. Additionally, the order of the color-coded magnetic stripes are _________________ the stripes on the other side of the mid-ocean ridge. Comparing the width of the stripes near the mid-ocean ridge and those of the Epochs in the bottom portion of figure 7.29, stripes that are____________ represent a short amount of time and stripes that are ________ represent a large amount of time.
parallel, the same as, narrow, wide
Below is figure 7.33 (page 122), which shows the two ways geologists divide the Earth's layers. While most subdivision boundaries are different between the two schemes, the boundary between the _________________ in the composition scheme and the outer ___________________ in the state scheme is the same in terms of depth beneath the surface.
core/mantle, outer core/methosphere
The shape that is created by the distribution of earthquakes near Tonga trench is a ________________ . These earthquakes are located __________________ to the trench and volcanic islands.
plane/tongue-shaped, perpendicular
If we were to assume that the temperatures of the Pacific Ocean are the same today as they were 58 million years ago, the most likely explanation for why the fossil corals are found on Suiko Seamount, despite its depth (5,000 feet below sea level) and northerly latitude, is that the Suiko Seamount (as well as the Emperor Seamounts and Midway Islands) ___________.was part of an ancient underwater landslidewas once located over the hot spot that is currently under Hawai'iwas home to corals that preferred cold, exceptionally deep watersthe fossil corals were misidentified and are actually volcanic rocks
was once located over the hot spot that is currently under Hawai'i
When the Emperor Seamounts were being formed, the Pacific Plate was moving ________. However, when the Midway Islands and the Islands of Hawai'i were being formed, the Pacific Plate moved/is moving to the _________________ .
North, Northwest
came up with the idea of continental drift
Alfred Wegener
plates that separate
divergent
plates that collide
convergent
plates that slide past one another
transform
stable sheets of crust
lithospheric plates
convergent boundary, one sinks below the other forms this
trench
what causes plates to move apart at divergent boundaries
sea-floor spreading
stationary magma bodies ex Hawaii and Yellowstone
hot spots
what 5 factors make a mineral a mineral?
naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite internal structure, specific chemical composition
What are minerals made up of?
atoms
What do atoms contain?
protons, neutrons, electrons
type of bonding that transfers electrons to fill shells
ionic
physical properties of minerals
-color-streak-luster-hardness-specific gravity-crystal habit-fracture - cleavage (1 plane)
In class, you were provided a set of four (4) unknown minerals and were asked to test the hardness of those minerals and place them in order from softest to hardest. Our hope is that you made the same observations as is stated below. For simplicity's sake, you will be putting the minerals in order of hardness on a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 being the softest and 4 being the hardest.Sample 2 scratched: fingernail, copper penny, nail, glass, streak plate.Sample 10 scratched: fingernail. Sample 10 was scratched by: copper penny, nail, glass, streak plate.Sample 11 was scratched by: fingernail, copper penny, nail, glass, streak plate.Sample 28 scratched: fingernail, copper penny. Sample 28 was scratched by nail, glass, streak plate.
11, 10, 28, 2
A volcanic neck is a _______________ that has been exposed by erosion of surrounding rocks. Becausethe volcanic neck formed __________________________ , it is ___________ .
lava conduit, beneath Earth's surface, intrusive
tells us how the rock cooled
texture
what minerals are made up of
composition
light colored minerals, least dense
felsic
light and dark minerals
intermediate
dark colored minerals
mafic
green, mantle type rocks
ultramafic
rocks formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, short cooling time
extrusive
formed within the earth, long cooling time ex lava conduit
intrusive
igneous texture that rapidly cools with no crystals
glassy texture
igneous texture that has microscopic crystals
aphanitic
igneous texture with coarse grained and visible textures
phaneritic
igneous texture with 2 distinct crystal sizes
porphyritic
igneous texture that has lots of holes frames from air bubbles
vesicular
rocks formed from erosion, transportations, deposition of materials
sedimentary rock
type of weathering in which wind and water transports in an arid environment
physical/ mechanical
type of weathering in which water transport is dissolved elements in solution through rocks in humid/ damp environments
chemical weathering
composition of metamorphic rock that is formed from the lithification of bits of rock
detrital (clastic)
composition of metamorphic rock that is formed by the compaction of things like leaves, peat, shells/shell fragments
organic (bioclastic)
composition of metamorphic rock that is formed by chemical precipitation or alteration
chemical
texture of detrital grain shape
angular or rounded
texture of detrital grain sorting
poorly, mod, mod-well, well sorted
2 rock masses slip past each other
fault
where the fault occurs
hypocenter/ focus
directly above the hypocenter
epicenter
earthquakes produce these 2 types of waves
body waves and surface waves
type of wave that travels through the Earth
Body waves
appear 1st od seismographs, compressional waves
p waves
appear 2nd on seismograph
S waves
waves that travel across the Earth's surface
surface waves
surface waves that travel up and down in small circles
Rayleigh waves
surface waves that travel forward but shake sideways
...
surface waves that travel forward but shake sideways
love waves
record produced by seismographs
seismographs
how many points do you need to calculate the epicenter of an earthquake
3
instrument that measures around motion of Earthquakes
Richter Scale
This reason that the fields of Mercalli intensity aren't bounded by perfect concentric circles is because the Mercalli intensity scale measures the intensity of __________ waves which travel through ____________________________ , while the Richter scale measures the intensity of ___________ waves which travel through ________________________________
surface, the surface of the earth, body, the interior of the earth
eventual rupture at a plate boundary
elastic rebound
Streams in arid climates, such as the streams in Figure 9.4 above, the dry air and soil have an effect on the sediment carrying capacity of a stream because ___________.
dry air and soil can absorb water, decreasing stream discharge
a _______________ stream has steep valleys near the stream but the surrounding topography is flat
younger
a ____________ stream has more rounded stream divides and floodplains are more developed
mature
a ________ stream has overlapping stream deposits and flat floodplains that dominate the landscape
old
Carbon-12 molecules vibrate ____________ than carbon-13 molecules, allowing carbon-12 molecules to experience ________ collisions when taken up by chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
faster, more
where groundwater is stored
aquifer
ratio of the open spaces relative to the rock or regolith volume
porosity
ability of soil, sediment, or rock to transmit fluid
permeability
sinking of the land surface
subsidence
porosity that develops at the the sediment or rock accumulates, develop as grains are deposited
primary porosity
porosity that develops long after the rock originates, develop as rocks fracture
secondary porosity
produces methane, a type of bacteria that doesn't live and grow where oxygen is present, smells like rotten eggs
anaerobic bacteria
produces carbon dioxide, a type of bacteria that lives and grows where oxygen is present
aerobic bacteria
instrument that records earthquakes
seismographs