Work
force applied against gravity over distance
Power
Work expressed relative to time
Better measure of exercise performance
powerex. wrestling;picking up throwing,dont have all day to make these moves
Define VO2
oxygen consumption
VCO2
carbon dioxide production
RER
respiratory exchange ratio VCO2/VO2 measured from expired air
MET
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RQ
respiratory quotient CO2/O2 for the cell
Calorimetry
the science that quantifies the heat release from metabolism
Caloric equivalent we typically use to claculate caloric expenditure during exercise
5kcal/l O2
Calculate energy expenditure from given VO2. and RER
kcal=VO2(l/min)x RER caloric equivalent x time(min)
How does VO2 increase from the start of exercise up to steady-state? (Be able to define steady-state and tell what energy system is predominately regenerating ATP during steady-state)
more intense workout more oxygen needed to be consumed. ATP demand met aerobically; state of increase mitochondrial respiration
How long does it take a person to reach steady state
typically 3-5 minutes
What is the explanation for why a trained person reaches steady-state faster than an untrained person?
Trained person has more mitochondria
What is oxygen deficit?
O2 consumption-demand; aerobic ATP supply deficiency
How does training status and exercise intensity affect oxygen deficit?
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Be able to discuss the physiological responses to intense and incremental exercise. Focus on VO2, CP, lactate, glycolysis, and acidosis.
Intense; VO2 increase rapidly, Crp decrease rapidly, increase glycolytic rate, increase lactate production and release, increase muscle and blood acidosis
What is the lactate threshold?
lactate is produced faster than it is removed
What is an average LT as a % of VO2max for trained and untrained?
trained; above 70% untrained; 40-60
Know how EPOC is affected by exercise intensity and duration. Be familiar with some of the factors that affect EPOC.
Excess post exercise oxygen consumption fast EPOC;Restore Crp, Reload, Lactate oxidationSlow EPOC; Co2, CATS, Glycogen resynthesis, HR &VE, Thermoregulation
Define glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Why is gluconeogenesis needed?
Glycogen synthesis; glucose to glycogenGlycogenolysis: glycogen to glucoseGluconeogenesis; making glucose from other sources than CHO Glycerol, amino acids, and lactate!
Where is glucose stored (as glycogen) in the body?
muscle, liver, blood
Where is fat stored in the body? Out of the 2 storage sites, which is the major source of energy during moderate exercise?
Plasma FFA adipose tissue & Intramuscular TGLIntramuscular TGL major source, usage affected by training status
Can protein be used as a source of energy? Under what conditions could it be used?
In emergency. up to 10-15% late in prolonged exercise. 5% during rest and exercise
1. What are the purposes of the cardiovascular system?
1. Deliver O2 to tissue & transport CO2 to lungs2. Transport of nutrients & hormones to tissue 3. maintain thermoregulation & blood PH4. maintain blood pressure
1. What is a normal hematocrit for men and women?
% of RBC in blood men 40- 45%women 30-35%
1. How are myocardial cells different than skeletal muscle?
myocardial interconnected slow twitch-no fatigue
Is heart muscle aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
1. Discuss some characteristics of veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Veins; hold increase blood volumes, direct flow one wayarteries; high elasticity, windkessel vessel(pulsate to continuous flow) capillaries; thin wall, one layer of cells, exchange gases&nutrients
Why are veins 'capacitance' vessels and arteries 'windkessel' vessels?
veins; hold high amount of blood volume arteries; pulsate for continuous blood flow, high elasticity
1. Why are arterioles called the "resistance vessels" of the cardiovascular system?
decrease blood velocity; blood flow regulation
1. Be able to describe (in detail) the 4 Phases of the cardiac cycle starting with the start of ventricular filling up to when the AV valves open and filling begins again. Focus on when valves are open or closed and how the pressure in the heart changes with each phase.
Phase 1 Ventricular filling; AV valves Open: Atrial kick (contract) dump blood, Occurs during mid to late diastole. Phase 2 Isovolumetric contraction; all valves closed, pressure falling in on atria-pressure in ventricles, no blood moving(same volume), but contractingPhase 3 Ejection; once pressure in ventricles exceeds, aortic pulmonary pressure, blood ejected out ventricle pressure decreases, once pressureventricles open, aortic/pulmonary lunar valve open;tri/bicuspid still closedPhase 4 Isovolumetric relaxation; all valves closed, starts when ventricle pressure falls below aortic/pulmonary pressure- BLOOD LEFT OVER AFTER EJECTION;Ensystollic volume, Atria filling,everything relaxing no blood moving in or out, AV valves open once ventricles pressure falls below atrial
1. Define cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, ejection fraction, mean arterial pressure, rate pressure product, and total peripheral resistance. Know the factors that determine each variable. Be able to do simple calculations for all variables except heart rate.
Cardiac Output;volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minuteSV;volume of blood ejected per beat HR; heart beats per minute Ejection Fraction; % of blood pumped by ventricle each beat. MAP; avg pressure in arteries RPP measure of myocardial work Reflects mVO2 TPR; resistance to flow in VC system
1. How does heart rate increase during exercise to VO2max? Is there a training effect on heart rate?
training effect lower resting heart rate
1. What 4 factors regulate stroke volume at rest and during exercise? Be able to discuss how each factor works to regulate stroke volume.
1. Preload EDV ; intrinsic regulation, stretch or load placed on myocardium, change in fiber length due to increased force of contraction, stretch increases force contraction2. Ventricular chamber size; cross sectional area3. AfterloadAortic/PA pressure, resistance to blood ejection, measured by TPR, must be overcome by ventricles4. Contractibility extrinsic regulation
1. How does stroke volume increase during incremental exercise to max?
SV increase up to 40%-60% VO2max•Past 60%, SV plateausUT 120 ml/beat T; 200ml/beat
1. What factor explains why maximal cardiac output and exercise performance is greater in trained than untrained people (hint: cardiac efficiency!)?
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How do systolic and diastolic blood pressure change during incremental exercise? Be able to explain why these changes (or lack thereof) occur using the relationship between blood pressure, flow, and total peripheral resistance ( Blood Pressure = Q x TPR).
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Describe how blood flow is redistributed as you progress from rest to maximal exercise.
at rest 15% total BF to muscle max exercise; 80-85 %total BF to muscle skin. BF increase exercise intensity, flows decrease near max
What is venous return and why is it important? How does the skeletal muscle pump work to increase venous return during exercise?
amount of blood returned to the. heart increase pressure