TESTES- also called- how many?- suspended in a sac called- located outside the body. why?- produce- seminiferous tubules:- produces male hormone:- testosterone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics:
- male gonads (testicles)- 2- scrotum- temperature difference- sperm- where sperm is made- testosterone- laryngeal prominence (adam's apple) becomes more noticeable and voice gets deeper, muscle mass, growth spurt, hair everywhere
EPIDIDYMIS- sperm leaves the testes and enter the epididymis- tightly coiled tube ~- located in the- function - store sperm until - produce fluid which
- not mature yet, still baby sperm- 20 ft long; bigger at the epididymis tail because the sperm gets bigger- scrotum - they mature; takes 74 days for sperm to mature - sperm can swim
VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS- function: - receives sperm from - stores sperm only- extends from the epididymis into the- vasectomy:- vasectomy purpose
- the epididymis, as they mature they move out- body; backside of the bladder- clips the left and right vas deferens, tie it off and then burn the ends. - stop the flow of sperm MALE BIRTH CONTROL
SEMINAL VESICLES- 2 small tubes located- function - produce a thick, yellow, rich in sugar fluid that - this fluid composes a large part of
- The seminal vesicles are located in the pelvis superior to the rectum, inferior to the fundus of the bladder and posterior to the prostate- makes them able to move their tail- semen
EJACULATORY DUCTS- 2 short tubes formed by the union of the Vas deferens and- carry sperm and fluids known as semen through the
- seminal vesicles- prostate gland
PROSTATE GLAND- doughnut shaped- located below- produces an alkaline secretion that increases sperm motility and- during ejaculation, the prostate gland - contracts causing - closes off the urethra:
- directly under the bladder- reduces the acidity through the prostate gland- squeezes and forces anything in the ejaculatory ducts through the urethra- - closes off the top part of the urethra because you don't want urine to come off. Urine and semen do not mix
COWPER'S GLAND/ BULBOURETHRAL GLAND- 2 small glands below- secrete a mucous-like fluid serves two specific purposes: - lubricant for - decreases the acidity of the urine residue in
- and a little bit behind the prostate gland - sex - the urethra before the full ejaculate, THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT THERE MIGHT NOT BE A LITTLE SPERM IN THERE
URETHRA- tube that extends from the bladder through the- carries- how long?
- the penis- urine and semen (the fluid and sperm)- 6-8 inches from the bladder to the penis
PENIS- external male organ of copulation (reproduction)- enlarged structure on the end of the penis:- covered by the prepuce or - circumcision:- penis is made of spongy- functions - when erect, male organ of - provides for the elimination of
- the penis will stretch as a man gets excited- mushroom caps - the glans- foreskin- Circumcision is the surgical removal of foreskin from a baby's penis.- erectile tissue; corpus cavernosum (top) and corpus spongiosum (bottom)- reproduction or copulation- urine and semen
MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF SEMEN
- sperm- fructose- clotting and anticoagulant factors- prostaglandins- spermine
enzymes used to dissolve a pathway to penetrate the egg
acrosome
produce ATP for sperm mobility
mitochondria
SPERM BY THE NUMBERS- in the epididymis, present at a count of 50-120 million sperm/mL- sperm count decreased from 113 million sperm/mL in 1940 to 66 million sperm/mL in 1990 (semen volume drop of 19%)- <20-25 million/mL=infertility/sterility
...
FRUCTOSE- produced by- source of
- seminal vesicles- energy
CLOTTING AND ANTICOAGULANT FACTORS- produced by seminal vesicles and- semen clots like- about 15-30 minutes later, anticoagulant factors
- the prostate gland- blood does, it matters if it hardens in his urethra because when he pees it will be a blockage- are released; dissolve the hardened clot (liquid where sperm is)
PROSTAGLANDINS- produced by the seminal vesicles and- stimulate peristaltic contractions of the- may help draw the semen into
- prostate glands- vagina- the uterus* peristalsis pulls the semen upwards into the uterus
SPERMINE- base that reduces- this increases the survival rate of
- the acidity, SPERM DON'T LIKE ACIDS THEY LIKE BASICS- sperm; they like a basic environment
MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE- erection of the penis allows it to penetrate- ejaculation:- initiated by- the ducts and accessory gland contract which empties their contents into
- needs good blow flow- when we force all of the semen out through the urethra out through the penis- sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight), everything in a guy's body goes on the backburner except for forcefully removing the semen. the ejaculation doesn't last very long and then he goes back into parasympathetic.- vaginal area of the female
EJACULATION- the urethral sphincters- the muscles surrounding the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa of the penis contract rapidly and rhythmically, propelling semen from** bulbourethral fluid also carries some sperm released before ejaculation
- cut off the flow from the bladder to stop urine from coming out when you ejaculate- the urethra
REFRACTORY PERIOD- period following- lasts anywhere from 10 minutes to- impossible to attain another erection AND
- ejaculation- several hours- ejaculate
FATE OF SPERM CELLS- viable for- only ~- only ONE sperm fertilizes
- 48 hours (2 days)- approximately 100 reach their destination (fallopian tubes)- the egg
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION- inability to get and maintain a firm enough erection to achieve penetration- can be medical or psychological- medical reasons
- heart problems, blood flow, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity- prescriptions, pump, surgery for penile implant
PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY- enlargement of the prostate gland:- common in men over 50 years old- causes - benign due to inflammation - BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia - tumor - change in hormonal activity - malignant condition - pancreatic cancer- treatment - prostatectomy - TURP - trans-urethral re-sectioning - radiation
...
TESTICULAR CANCER- cancer of the testicles- frequent in men 20-35- highly malignant and spreads quickly- treatment - orchiectomy, radiation- American Cancer Society (ACS) - recommends STE - self testicular exam
...
SELF TESTICULAR EXAM
- STE should start at age 15- examine each testicle after a warm shower, exam each testicle separately, gently roll between fingers and thumb to feel for lumps, nodules or extreme tenderness- also check for any signs of swelling or change in appearance
OVARIES- 2 small almond-shaped glands, located in the- attached to the uterus by ligaments- contains thousands of small sacs called- each follicle contains an immature- produce the hormones:- responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
- The ovaries are located in shallow depressions, called ovarian fossae, one on each side of the uterus, in the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity- and fallopian tubes- follicles- ovum- estrogen and progesterone- breast tissue, wide hips/pelvis, increase fat, hair growth
OVULATION- when the mature egg is released from the- occurs every- estrogen levels rise and release- this triggers- if egg is not fertilized,- released of unfertilized egg is called
- mature follicle that is ovulation- 28; ONE EGG is ovulated every 28 days- ovum (mature egg) the egg cell is the largest cell in the human body- ovulation- it will come out during menstruation with lining of the uterus- menstruation
FALLOPIAN/UTERINE TUBE- how many?- how long?- attached to the upper part of- function - move the ovum from - cilia and peristalsis - site of fertilization:
- 2- 5 inches (10 cm) from the ovary to the uterus- upper part of the fundic region of the uterus- the ovary to the uterus- moves the egg through the fallopian tube- fallopian tube
UTERUS- hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ- 3 parts - fundus: - body: - cervix:- function - organ of - allows for the development and - contracts during birth to aid in- key layer - endometrial - if fertilization does not occur,
- round part at the top- the majority of the part- narrow part; extends into the vagina- menstruation- growth of the fetus- forcing the baby out- endometrium- endometrial lining grows every month- you are going to pass endometrial lining of the uterus and the unfertilized egg
VAGINA- muscular tube that connects the cervix to- function - passageway for - receives sperm and - female organ of - birth canal during
- the external genitalia- menstruation, copulation, birth canal, unfertilized egg- semen- reproduction; copulation- childbirth
BARTHOLIN'S/VULVOVAGINAL GLANDS- 2 small glands on ___________- secretes mucus for
- either side- to provide vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal. ALKOLINE to decrease acidity. Vagina is really acidic but sperm doesn't like acidity
VULVA- collective name for the- includes - mons pubis: - labia majora: outer folds of - labia minora: - perineum: area between the - clitoris:
- female external genitalia (outside)- the rounded protuberant skin-covered soft tissue overlying the symphysis pubis- the vagina and urethra- inner folds of the vagina and urethra- reproductive area to anus- right under the point where the inner labia meet and form a little hood It's on top of (or in front of, depending on which angle you're at) the vagina and the urethra (the hole you pee out of)
BREASTS- what gland?- contains 15-20 lobes that- function - secrete milk - called
- mammary- produce milk for breastfeeding- lactation
BREAST TUMORS
- benign or malignant- American Cancer Society recommends SBE- Self Breast Examination every month for adult females at the end of menstruation
SELF BREAST EXAMINATION
- feel for lumps- check under the arms, up to the clavicle, and below the breast- look for any discharge from the nipples- with your arms above your head, look for any changes in your breasts: puckering, size/shape, redness, discharge- repeat step 4 with your hands on your hips
MAMMOGRAMS
- ACS recommends a baseline test between 35-40- Subsequent testing every year after 40
TREATMENTS FOR BREAST CANCER
- biopsy- lumpectomy- simple mastectomy-radical mastectomy- radiation- chemotherapy
CANCER OF THE CERVIX
- detected by a PAP smear- treatment - hysterectomy: removal of cervix and uterus
ENDOMETRIOSIS
- growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus- can be treated with surgery- no known cure
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME PMS
- group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days before menstruation- cause - unknown- related to hormonal changes or biochemical imbalance
Gonads
testes and ovaries that produce gametes
Gametogenesis
production of gametes
Testes
gamete-producing organs of the male reproductive system
Testes sit outside the body in a sac called
Scrotum
The testes are located in the scrotum because
optimal temperature (temp needed to be lower than normal body temp)
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Ducts which connect epididymis to urethra. Turn over the uterters to join urethra just anterior to where ureters enter the bladder. Function is to transfer sperm from epididymis to urethra during ejaculation.
Top cover of penis
Corpora cavernosa
Bottom layer of penis
Corpus spongiosum
corpora cavernosa
two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis
corpus spongiosum
surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb
How long is the epididymis?
20 feet
where sperm is produced
seminiferous tubules
How many days does it take for sperm to mature
74 days
bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)
A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands
Glans penis
Prepuce, external urethral orifice very sensitive
spongy urethra (penile urethra)
Extends through the penis to the external urethral orifice
seminal vesicles produce most ______ and has ______ in it
Semen; sugar
A man will produce ______ from puberty until he dies
Semen
Not all ______ goes out when he ejaculates
Sperm
What influences semen
Testosterone, drugs, temperature, underwear, bad diet, exercise, medications
semen
A thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system
Sperm are sex cells that travel in
Semen
Clotting: anticoagulants are
Opposites
Clotting factors
Thick and hardens
Anticoagulant factors
Do not clot, break up
What is the biggest cell in the body
Egg
You can see an egg with
Naked eye