Infectious causes (primarily causing skin lesions)
FibropapillomasRingwormDermatophilosis (Streptothricosis)
Infectious diseases with dermatological manifestations
Pseudorabies (Auj)Malignant catarrhal feverParavaccinia scrotal infections of bullsBluetongueBVDvPapular stomatitisBovine dermatotrophic herpesvirus (pseudo-lumpy skin)
Neoplastic skin diseases
LymphosarcomaAngiomatosis (Hemangioma)MastocytosisLipomatosisMelanomasSquamous Cell Carcinomas
Allergic/Immune-mediated skin diseases
Urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxisContact dermatitis
Physical agents causing skin diseases
Thermal injury (sun, fire, frostbite)GangrenePhotosensitisation
Congenital and inherited skin diseases (12)
Lethal hypotrichosisViable hypotrichosisHypotrichosis as BVDv-induced congenital diseaseBaldy calf syndromeStreaked hypotrichosisHypotrichosis and missing incisorsHypotrichosis with hypophyseal hypoplasiaInherited parakeratosis (lethal trait A46)Ichthyosis fetalisIchtyosis congenitaEpitheliogenesis imperfecta (aplasia cutis)Dermatosparaxis (cutaneous asthenia) (Hereditary collagen dysplasia)
Miscellaneous skin diseases of cattle
Anagen defluxationUrine or fecal scaldingLeukotrichia and leukodermaAlopecia areataBuckskin Holsteins
Parasitic diseases with skin involvement
Hypodermiasis (warbles, grubs)Louse infestationFliesTick-borne diseasesMange (Chorioptic, Demodectic, Psoroptic)StephanofilariasisFly-strike from maggots (Calliphorine myiasis) (Blowflies)
Chemical and nutritional causes of dermatologic disease (10)
Cu deficiencyMolybdenum toxicityIodine toxicityIodine deficiencyZinc deficiencySelenium toxicityArsenic toxicity (chronic)Chlorinated naphthalene toxicosis (X disease)Polybrominated biphenyls toxicosisVitC deficiency in calves
Types of skin disease in cattle (13)
AlopeciaDermatitisSubQ emphysemaSubQ edemaSubQ hematomaHyperkeratosisParakeratosisExemaInsolatio, siriasis (physical causes)Combustiones, congelationes (physical causes)Urticaria (allergic)Photosensitising diseases (types 1-4)Trichophytiasis (fungal)
Types of photosensitising disease in cattle
Type1: Primary photosensitisationType2: Pigment synthesis disturbanceType3: Hepatogenic photosensitisationType4: Unknown etiology
Trichophytiasis, causative organisms
Trichophyton terrucosum, metagrophytes, equinumMicrosporum gypseum, narium, canis
Types of primary skin lesion, differentiate.
Macule (flat, changed colour, less than 1cm)Papule (flat, raised, round, necrotic centre, <1cm)Nodule (papule >1cm)Tumor (nodule of neoplastic origin, larger)Plaque (solid, raised, flat mass, larger than 1cm)Vesicle (fluid filled blister, <1cm. Larger = bullae)Pustule (vesicle filled with pus)
Types of secondary skin lesion
Scale (accumulated loose fragments of superficial layers)Crust (dried solid accumulation, including blood, pus)Erosion (loss of superficial epidermis)Excoriation (erosion and deeper ulcers - traumatic)Ulcer (erosion penetrating basement membrane of epid)Scar (fibrous tissue replacing damaged skin)Fissure (split in superficial layers, caused by dring)Keratosis (overgrowth of dry horny keratinised epithelium)Pigment changes (hyper/hypo pigmentation)Alopecia (hair loss)
Lice causing skin disease (GB)
Sucking:Haematopinus eurysternusLinognathus vituliSolenopotes capillatusBiting:Damalinia bovis
Diagnosis, treatment of lice
Signs: pruritis, predilection site (dorsum), anemia (sucking), adult/egg/feces identification.Injectible/pour-on ivermectin or synthetic pyrethroids and amitraz. NB milk and meat withdrawl
Flies causing superficial skin damage
Musca autumnalisMorrelia simplexHydrotoea
Flies causing painful nodules
Haematobia (horn fly)Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly)Tabanid horse fly (cleg)
Fly causing painful vesicle (near river)
Simulium (blackflies)
Flies causing open wounds/lesions on lower adomen, udder, teats
Haematobia irritansHydrotaea irritans
Blow fly strike, causal agent
Lucilia sericataPhormia terranovaeMore common in sheep, hazard for adult cattle dehorned in summer.
Warble fly; causal agent, diagnosis
Hypoderma bovis, H.lineatumSubcuataneous nodules/cysts along back in spring.Open swelling to reveal 3rd stage larva.Notify Local Veterinary Officer!
Types of mange found in cattle, causal species
Chorioptic (Chorioptes bovis)Psoroptic (Psoroptes)Sarcoptic (Sarcoptes)Demodectic (Demodex)
Types of mange, predilection sites
Ch: all over, esp tail head in dairy. Intense pruritis (IP)Ps: folds, shoulder, rump, perineum. Thick crusty skin. IPSa: head, neck, shoulder. Thick crusty alopecia skin. IPDe: nodules esp over thorax, mostly asymptomatic
Diagnosis of the types of mange
C, P, S: skin scraping (S are difficult to find)D: squeeze nodule onto slide
Treatment for mange
Ivermectin injectible (Sa)Ivermectin pour on (Ch)(not in milkers)AmitrazOPRepeat treatment may be requred
Ticks causing skin disease in cattle
Ixodes ricinisDermancentor reticulatusHaemophysialis punctata
Causal agents of bacterial skin disease in ctle
StaphylococcalDermatophilus (uncommon)Actinomyces, actinobacillusMycobacterium kansasiiSalmonella dublin septicaemia (calves)
Staphylococcal skin disease
Staphylococcal superficial pustular dermatitis.Impetigo-like condition on udder/perineum.Non-pruritic, pustules on or near damaged skin.Staphylococcal folliculitis (pustules on hair follicles)
Actinomycosis - skin involvement
Actinomyces pyogenes. Primary lesion is lumpy jaw. SubQ abscesses/fistulae may arise, thick honey exudate.Actinobacillus may cause similar lesions.
Skin necrosis in calves associated with what?
Salmonella (especially dublin) septicaemia
Ringworm, agent, symptoms, treatment, ddx
Trichophyton verrucosum mostly (doesn't flouresce under Wood's lamp).Grey raised crusty circulor lesions + alopecia. Is self limiting, disappears within 4mth.Immunity develops in 4mth, or griseofulvin, or vaccination.Ddx: Dermatophilus infection or virapapillomatosis.
Viral skin diseases of cattle
Bovine viral papillomatosisBovine papular stomatitisBovine herpes mamillitisPseudocowpoxCowpox
Bovine papular stomatits; agent, dx
Parapox virus, zoonotic.Small red papules, 2mm diameter, necrosis at centre.Mostly muzzle and lipsSelf limiting disease, no treatment necessary.
Bovine herpes mamillitis; agent, pathogenesis, ddx
Bovine herpes virus 2.Severe lesions on teats/udder, edema, necrosis, sloughing.Junction btw normal/abnormal tissue is very clear (cut with a knife appearance).Ddx: FMD. Contact DVO if in doubt.
Pseudopox; agent, dx, treatment
Parapox virus (similar to papular stomatitis, orf).Zoonotic.Edema, then ~10 small pustules on each teat. Followed by horse shoe lesion.Immunity is short-lived, reinfection may occur.
Viral diseases causing secondary skin conditions
FMD - muzzle, tongue, nostrils, udder, interdigital cleft.BHV1 (IBR) - muzzle and nostrils, possibly scrotum.BHV1 (infectious vulvovaginitis) - on genitaliaMucosal disease - diffuse stomatitis on muzzle and oral mucosa, possibly at coronary band.Malignant catarrhal fever - similar to mucosal disease with ocular changes.
Nutritional causes of skin lesions
vitA deficiencyvitC deficiency (alopecia, erythema but no pruritis)vitE deficiencyCu deficiency causes colour changes aroune.
Diagnostic procedures (special) for skin disease
Bacterial cultureSkin scrapeSkin biopsy