If a patient has low levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which of the following will most likely result? A.) The patient will produce a small volume of dilute (low osmolality) urine B.) The patient will produce a large volume of dilute (low osmolality) urine C.) The patient will produce a small volume of concentrated (high osmolality) urine D.) The patient will produce a large volume of concentrated (high osmolality) urine
B.) The patient will produce a small volume of concentrated (high osmolality) urine
All of the following statements concerning ARF (acute renal failure) are true except A.) It has a good prognosis (it usually gets better) B.) It may be caused by poor blood flow to the kidney or by some medications C.) ARF usually leads to chronic renal failure D.) Hemodialysis is necessary for patients who are experiencing ARF (acute renal failure)
C.) ARF usually leads to chronic renal failure
Which of the following is not part of the filter through which plasma must pass to become glomerular filtrate? A.) A negatively charged basal lamina (basement membrane) B.) Fenestrated endothelial cells C.) Smooth muscle cells lining the glomerulus D.) Slit pores formed by Podocytes
C.) Smooth muscle cells lining the glomerulus
Approximately what percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is reabsorbed by the nephron in the process of making urine in normal healthy people?A.) 1%B.) 10%C.) 90% D.) 99%
D.) 99%
Which part of the nephron tube reabsorbs the largest amount of the glomerular filtrate? A.) The proximal convoluted tubule B.) The nephron loop (loop of Henle) C.) The distal convoluted tubule D.) The collecting duct
A.) The proximal convoluted tubule
A decrease in sympathetic nerve stimulation to the vessels of the kidney will result in a _____ of the afferent glomerular arteriole and an ____ in GFR (glomerular filtration rate) A.) Dilation; Decrease B.) Constriction; Increase C.) Constriction; DecreaseD.) Dilation; Increase
D.) Dilation; Increase
In renal autoregulation, the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is maintained fairly constant despite changes in blood pressure by dilating and constricting the ____ in response to those changes in blood pressure A.) Vasa Recta B.) Afferent glomerular arteriole C.) Efferent glomerular arteriole D.) Interlobar arteries
B.) Afferent glomerular arteriole
A typical urine output for a healthy adult that is not dehydrated is about A.) 400 milliliters/day B.) 4-5 liters/day C.) 1-2 liters/day D.) 6-8 liters/day
C.) 1-2 liters/day
Sodium (Na) leaves the proximal convoluted tubule by ____ while water (H2O) follows by _____ A.) Simple diffusion; Osmosis B.) Osmosis; Simple diffusion C.) Active transport; Cotransport D.) Active transport; Osmosis
D.) Active transport; Osmosis .
Blood osmolality normally is 300 milliosm. The osmolality of the glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is A.) >300 milliosm B.) 300 milliosm C.) <300 milliosm D.) 100 milliosm
B.) 300 milliosm
The high osmolality of the renal medulla is made possible by the active transport of ____ by the thick portion of the ascending nephron loopA.) H2O (water)B.) NH3 (ammonia) C.) Na (sodium)D.) Glucose
C.) Na (sodium)
Decreased plasma osmolality leads to an ___ in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion and an ____ in permeability of the collecting duct of the nephron A.) Increase; Increase B.) Increase; Decrease C.) Decrease; Increase D.) Decrease; Decrease
D.) Decrease; Decrease
All of the following will stimulate the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex except A.) High plasma K+ levels B.) Reduced blood flow to the kidney C.) Stretching of the atrial walls due to excessive blood volume D.) Low plasma Na+ levels
C.) Stretching the atrial walls due to excessive blood volume
A molecule that is absorbed as well as filtered in the glomerulus will have a renal plasma clearance ____ the glomerular filtration rate A.) Equal to B.) Greater to C.) Less than D.) It will not appear in the urine
C.) Less than
U is the concentration of a molecule in the urine, V is the rate of formation of urine, and P is the concentration of a molecule in the plasma. Which of the following is the formula for obtaining RPC (Renal plasma clearance) A.) RPC=P/(VxU)B.) RPC=(VxP)/UC.) RPC=(VxU)/PD.) RPC=(UxP)/V
C.) RPC=(VxU)/P
Which of the following is completely filtered and secreted by the kidneys as it passes through the kidney from the renal artery to the vein and is useful for calculating total renal blood flow A.) InsulinB.) PAH (para-aminohippuric acid) C.) Urea D.) Penicillin
B.) PAH (para-aminohippuric acid)
Low sodium (Na) intake will lead to a ____ in Aldosterone secretion and greater Na reabsorption in the ____ A.) Increase; Proximal convoluted tubuleB.) Increase; Distal convoluted tubule C.) Decrease; Proximal convoluted tubule D.) Decrease; Distal convoluted tubule
B.) Increase; Distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following class of drugs is the strongest diuretic and acts on the thick portion of the ascending nephron loop A.)Thiazide diuretics B.) Loop diuretics C.) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors D.) Osmotic diuretics
B.) Loop diuretics
Which of the following is the first immediate threat to life for patients with acute renal failure? (kills them first) A.) A rise in blood creatinine B.) Fluid overload C.) An increase in plasma Ph D.) A rise in blood potassium (K)
D.) A rise in blood potassium (K)
Penicillin is secreted into the glomerular filtrate by anion transporters located primarily in the A.) Collecting duct B.) Distal convoluted tubule C.) Proximal convoluted tubule D.) Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
C.) Proximal convoluted tubule
A molecule that is filtered but neither secreted or absorbed and is ideal in calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is A.) PAH (para-amino hippuric acid) B.) Creatinine C.) Insulin D.) Ammonia (NH3)
C.) Insulin
Which of the following statements is true regarding how the kidney handles glucose? A.) A negatively charged basement membrane in theis glomerulus prevents the filtration of glucoseB.) The renal plasma threshold for glucoseC.) Most glucose in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule D.) Glucose is normally found in the urine of normal healthy people
C.) Most glucose in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
...
...