Organic Chemistry
the study of carbon containing compounds
Organic" chemicals
compounds made by living things
Types of Organic Compounds
Cotton, paper, synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, artificial sweetners
Types of Organic Compounds cont.
Biomolecules (proteins, DNA, carbs) materials in coal & petroleum, plastics....
Carbon forms what kind of bonds with itself and other elements?
it forms strong bonds
one form of pure carbon
diamonds and is the hardest element known
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
four
What is the geometry around a carbon when it's bonded to 4 other atoms?
tetrahedral
Carbon can often form double & triple bonds?
True
Hydrocarbons
contain only carbon and hydrogens. Ex) Alkanes, alkenes, benzene etc.
Heteroatomic compounds
contain additional compounds like O, N, S halogens Ex) alcohols, DNA bases
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds.
Hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds
saturated hydrocarbons
Can structures be in a straight line and branched?
True
Prefixes
are used to indicate the number of C atoms
Meth
1
Eth
2
Prop
3
But
4
Pent
6
Hex
6
Hept
7
Oct
8
Non
9
Dec
10
Three types of formulas
Structural Formula, Condensed Forumla, Skeletal structure
Structural Formulas
Drawing of the arrangment of the Carbons
Condensed Formula
CH3(CH2)2CH3 To show the outline of the structure
Skeletal Formula
drawing of the parent chain
Isomers
compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
Isomers continued
main carbon chain has a different arrangement (n vs. branched)
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists
Nomenclature
a fancy term for a system of naming chemical compounds
What is the easiest alkane to name?
the straight chain isomer
parent chain
the longest continuous carbon chain which CAN be bent
branches
groups of carbon chains attached to the parent chain
prefix for that number of carbons
+ -yl
How to number alkanes
number the parent chain in the direction that gives the lowest numbers to the groups
How to write the name of an alkane compound
the parent chain name is last preceded by the names of the groups & their numerical locations. A hyphen appears between the number & branch name
Name if there is more than one of the same branch
commas separate the numerical locations & the prefixes Ex) 2, 3 dimethyl butane
Group prefixes:
di = 2 / tri = 3 / tetra = 4
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons that contain double bonds
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
Same basic rules apply EXCEPT the parent chain will end in - ene or - yne. The parent chain must contain the triple, or double bond
Naming Alkynes
number the chain so that the double/triple bond gets the Lowest Numbering
Cylic Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons may be found in a circle
Cyclic alkanes
isomers of the straight line alkenes
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
a double bond counts as one "unsaturation" The cyclic arrangement counts as one "unsaturation
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
compounds that have a pleasant aroma Ex) wintergreen, cinnamon, vanillin
All Aromatic Hydrocarbons contain.......
a common feature: a six membered ring of carbon atoms with 3 double bonds called the "benzene ring
Benzene ring
has the formula of C6H6 / it has a planer, flat structure in which ALL of the bond angles are 120 degrees
Functional groups
when other atoms (or groups of atoms) replace one or more hydrogens of a hydrocarbon
Examples of Functional groups
hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde, carboxyl, amino
Hydroxyl group
is present in alcohols, sugars etc.
Carbonyl group
present in many types of compounds like ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides etc.
an example of a carbonyl group
acetone
Aldehyde group
Ex) formaldehyde (preservative of specimens & most simple) vanillin (vanilla scent) cinnamaldehyde & butyraldehyde (decomposing dairy products)
Carboxyl groups
combination of the Carbonyl & Hydroxyl group, present in carboxylic acids (acetic, citric acid)
to find hydrogens for Alkanes
2n + 2 (with n = number of Carbons)
to find hydrogens for Alkenes
2n (same formula for cyclic hydrocarbons)
to find hydrogens for Alkynes
2n - 2 (with n = number of Carbons)