immobilizes cilia that line airways of the lungs for hours, preventing them from sweeping away airborne pathogens and pollutants
what does one cigarette do?
gas exchange support cellular respiration
What do we exchange gas?
1. respiratory surface must be moist so gases can diffuse across cell membranes. 2. cells lining respiratory surface are thin to optimizes gas diffusion. 3. the respiratory surface must be large to allow for adequate gas exchange
What is the 3 features that all animal respiratory systems share?
round worms and flat worms
examples of animals whose gas exchanged is optimized by long, flat bodies with greater surface area
jelly fish
examples of animals who have low energy demands and rely on their moist body surface for gas exchange
sponges
example of animals that bring the environment close to all their cells to allow greater exposure of cells
earthworm
example of animals who have many capillaries that carry oxygen to internal body tissues
bulk flow
when fluids or gases move through spaces from high pressure to low pressure
gills
external projections of the body that exchange gas. can be elaborately folded to maximize their surface area
by swimming with their mouth open
how do fish control water flow over gills?
opercular openings
water flows over gils and out of body through what?
internal respiratory structures
used by most animals to help keep respiratory surfaces moist.
trachea and lungs
what are two common terrestrial respiratory structures?
trachea
elaborately branched internal tubes that deliver air to body cells; used by insects
spiracles
abdominal openings in which air enters trachea
abdominal contractions
what do some insects use to enhance air movements
lungs
internal chambers containing moist respiratory surfaces
lungs
most terrestrial vertebrates use what to breath?
conducting portion and gas-exchange portion
2 parts that the human respiratory system can be divided into?
conducting portion
series of passageways that carry air into the gas-exchange portion of the lungs
nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
what is the path of air through the conducting portion
pharynx
chamber where nasal and oral cavities converge
larynx
opening called the "voice box
vocal cords
bands of elastic tissue controlled by muscles; vibrate as exhaled air passes over them
epiglottis
flat of tissue that prevents food from entering larynx when swallowing
trachea
flexible tube reinforced with cartilage
bronchi
splitting of the trachea into two branches; each leading to a lung
bronchioles
repeated branching of bronchi; lined with smooth muscle that can constrict or dilate passageway
alveoli
tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs; arranged in grape-like clusters; surrounded by dense capillary networks
alveoli
gas exchange occurs where?
surfactant
oily secretion lining alveolar walls; reduces surface tension of alveolar walls preventing collapse during exhalations
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein that can bind to four oxygen molecules
cherry-red color
when hemoglobin is bound to oxygen, what color is it?
maroon-red color
when hemoglobin is not bound to oxygen, what color is it?
1. transport as bicarbonate ions. 2. transported bound to hemoglobin. 3. transported dissolved in plasma
how is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
inhalation
when air is actively drawn into lungs
chest cavity enlarges when diaphragm and rib muscles contract. lungs expand with chest cavity, creating a partial vacuum that draws air into lungs
what happens during inhalation?
exhalation
when air is passively expelled out of lungs
chest cavity size decreases when diaphragm and rib muscles relax. decreasing chest cavity size forces air out of lungs. additional air can be expelled by actively contracting the abdominal muscles
what happens during exhalation?
respiratory center of the brain
what is breathing rate controlled by?
excess mucus
Smoker's cough" is the result of what?
they can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation
Birds are able to sustain long flights at high altitudes because?
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries TO the lungs, interacts with the lung tissue to re-oxygenate the cell, pulmonary veins FROM the lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body tissues, superior and inferior vena cava
What is the flow of blood in the heart starting with right atrium?
movement of air or water past a respiratory surface and transportation of gases between the respiratory system and the tissues
what is the respiratory events that utilize bulk flow?
prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen
carbon monoxide is poisonous because it?
diffusion
In the lungs, oxygen moves from air to blood by?
spiracles
openings into the tracheae of insects
alveoli
part of the gas-exchange portion of the human lung
passive diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus
gas exchange in the lungs is due to?
carbon dioxide
the respiratory system is regulated to maintain a constant level of ___ in the blood
the brainstem
The respiratory center is located in the?
carbon monoxide
poisonous because it prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen. what is this?